






































Glass 

Book 


COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 





















































































































































[ILL’S POLITICAL HISTORY 

OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Condensed Summary of the Important Political Events 
in United States History, from the Founding of the 
Government to the Present Time. 


ms of Naturalization, Directions Relati 
Australian Ballot, Qualifications in 
Order to Vote, Etc., Etc. 


g X ’ 




THOS. E. HILL, 

<r of “ Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms," “Money Found," Fit- 


-> 

— 


tandard Library. No. i. 


Quarterly, $2.00 a year. 


August, 1894. 


CHICAGO: 

Hill Standard Book Company. 
1894. 








PREFACE. 


[ want to vote. What is necessary in order that I 
y vote? I was born in the United States. Such 
ng the fact, where can I vote, how can I vote? 

What difference does it make in voting, whether I 
a resident of Massachusetts or Minnesota, whether 
ive in Dakota or Florida? 

If born in a foreign country,how soon can I vote in 
:h of the different States, on my arrival in the 
ited States? 

When I vote, what party shall I vote for? Why? 
lat are the differences in the principles between the 
ties? Where can I be instructed upon these subjects 
some person, paper or book that will be absolutely 
martial and truthful? 

E am one of the many thousands of people in this 
ntry who ask those and other questions pertaining 
politics and voting. Where can they be readily an- 
;red? The author knows of no authority quickly 
l cheaply accessible to the mass of the people, 
nee the preparation of this work, to be used as a 
ers’ handbook of ready reference. 


INDEX TO CONTENTS 


Abolition agitation.73 

Abolition convention.31 

Abolitionists .19 

Academy of Arts and Sciences founded. ..97 

Adams, John, sketch of.71 

Adams, John Quincy, sketch of.86 

Agricultural convention, national, first..86 

Agriculture, department of.78 

Agricultural exhibition.39 

Agricultural journal, first in America... .53 

Agricultural productions, totals. 114 

Agricultural Society, first in America.45 

Alaska ceded to United States...99 

Albany received its name..15 

Albany regency.55 

Alien and sedition laws, passage of.33 

American party, 1835.70 

American party platfonn.93 

American Railway Union.127 

American shipping embargo, withdrawn.45 

American System.59 

American vessels seized.42 

American vessels, seizure of.29 

Amendments to Constitution.26 

Amendment, 13th, to the Constitution. ...97 

Amendment, fourteenth, ratification.99 

Amendment, fifteenth, passed.99 

Andros, arrest of.5 

Anthracite coal comes into use.45 

Anti-Chinese excitement, California.103 

Anti-Chinese riot at Denver.105 

Anti-Mason. 70 

Anti Masonic convention, Philadelphia...66 

Anti-Masonic convention, Baltimoi-e.65 

Anti-Rent disturbances.77 

Anti-Slavery, organized in Philadelphia. .55 

Anti-Slavery riot at Syracuse.86 

Anti-Slavery Society.79 

Anti-Slavery Society mobbed, Boston.69 

Anti-Slavery Society, New York.69 

Apprentice’s library.54 

Area in square miles of each State.27 

Area in square miles of each country....Ill 

Area of the United States.22, 111 

Aristocrats, name applied to Tories.,.31 

Arizona Territory formed.97 

Arnold, Benedict.38 

Association Press established.89 

Atlantic Ocean cable.93 

Australian Ballot.121, 122, 123, 124 

Banks, first in the United States.21 

Bank of the United States.26 


Bank of U. S. chartered for 20 years.49 

Bank of United States established.25 

Banking system (national) created.97 

Banks suspended, business paralyzed.69 

Battles of 1812—1815.46, 47, 49 

Belknap, Secretary of War, scandal.103 

Bill of 1800, to regulate electoral count..37 

Black Friday in Wall Street.100 

Blackhawk, sketch of... 75 

Bomb-shell invented. 49 

Boone, Daniel. 55 

Boston Tea Party.87 

Boundary question settled......53 

Bourbon, derivation of the name.25 

Boycott of Pullman cars.127 

Brother Jonathan. 22 

Bright, Jesse D., expulsion.97 

British Columbia incorporated.93 

Brown, John, execution of.93 

Brown, Ossawatt.omie. 94 

British manufacturers denied admission.41 

British minister at Washington.89 

Bx-itish surrender their forts.29 

Buchanan’s message, 1860. 95 

Buck-tails, origin of the name. 51 

Bunker Hill Monument Association. 57 

Bunker Hill Monument dedicated. 77 

Burr, Aaron, tried for conspiracy. 41 

Burr, conspiracy of.. 42 

Cabinet officers, Buchanan’s...92 

Cabinet offic’s, Cleveland s..108,109,112,113 

Cabinet officers, Garfield’s.106, 107 

Cabinet officers, Grant’s. 100 , 103 

Cabinet officers, W. H. Harrison’s.76, 77 

Cabinet officers, B. Harrison’s.110, 111 

Cabinet officers, Hayes’.104,105 

Cabinet officers, Jackson’s.64, 68 , 69 

Cabinet officers, Jefferson’s.36,40 

Cabinet officers, John Adams’.32 

Cabinet officers, John Q. Adams’.60,61 

Cabinet officers, Lincoln’s.96,98 

Cabinet officers, Madison’s.44, 48 

Cabinet officers, Monroe’s.52, 56 

Cabinet officers, Pierce’s. 88 

Cabinet officers, Polk’s.80 

Cabinet officers, Taylor’s.84, 85 

Cabinet officers, Van Buren’s. v ...72, 73 

Cabinet officers, Washington’s.24, 28 

Cable, Atlantic Ocean, completion of.93 

Calhoun, John C.. sketch of.87 

California adopts constitution.85 

California ceded to United States.81 


4 

































































































Index to Contents 


5 


Canadian seat of government located... .93 

Capitals of different countries.Ill 

Capitol at Washington, erection begun. .29 

Capital of each State.27 

Carroll, Charles, death of.61 

Catiiolic churches destroyed, riot.77 

Catholics denied right to vote.14 

Census of the United States, first.25 

Census of the United States, 1850.85 

Census of the United States, 1860.93 

Census of the United States, fourth.53 

Central American States.58 

Champlain Canal, completion of.57 

Charter, first English, from James.12 

Charters, in New England, annulled.15 

Charter Oak, use made of it in Conn.15 

Cherokee Indians, removal of.78 

Chicago, mention of in 1683.15 

Citizen, political qualifications for.123 

Civil War begins.93 

Claims, French spoliation.21 

Clay, Henry, sketch of.90 

Clintonian platform.43 

Clintonians, the.38 

Coast defenses..31 

Coinage, decimal:.22 

Colonization of blacks.51 

Colonization Society established.4p 

Commercial failures in the U. S...93 

Commercial treaty with Peru.86 

Communism. 41 

Compromise resolutions, Crittenden.93 

Congress against dueling.41 

Congress declares slave trade piracy.53 

Congress, extra session of, 1807.4i 

Congress opens, first session. 25 

Congress refuses charter for U. S. Bank. .45 

Congressional apportionment, 1822.57 

Congressional library established.33 

Congressional representatives each State.27 

Conspirators against Lincoln.99 

Conspiracy of Burr.42 

Constitution of U. S., mention of.22 

Constitution, each State, when adopted..27 

Continental Congress, first.18 

Continental currency.20 

Continental money. 19 

Conventions, political.121 

Copyright law, in 1672, first in America. .14 

Countries of the world.Ill 

Countries, population of.Ill 

Courant, New England, by J. Franklin. ..16 

Coxeyites.126 

Crockett, David, sketch of. 74 

Currency, Continental.20 

Dates of admission to Union.27 

Davis, Jefferson, captured.97 

Davis, Jefferson, inaugurated President. .97 

Davis, Jefferson, released on bail.99 

Democrat, derivation of term...49 

Democratic platform, national, 1832.69 


Democratic platform, 1840.78 

Democratic platform, 1852.91 

Democratic platform, 1856.94 

Democratic platform, 1892.118 

Democrat Republican, meaning of term. .26 

Deposits, government.67 

Discontent growing. 17 

Dough-faces, origin of name.54 

Dred Scott decision.94 

Duel between Clay and Marshall.45 

Duel, hung for killing in a.57 

Dueling, fatal result fxom.55 

Eight houi - s, arguments for.116 

Electoral vote in each State.125 

Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln. .97 

Embargo Act.42 

Emigration from Europe, systematized..79 

England, on right of search.41 

English goods, importation of.51 

Equal Rights pai’ty, 1835.70 

Erie Canal begun.49 

Exploring expedition to Columbia River.37 

Exploration of Lewis and Clai-k.42 

Factoi’ies shut down.126 

Fairbank’s scales invented.65 

Federal Union, it xxxust be preserved.66 

Federalists, Anti-.26 

Fedei-al Union reconstructed.99 

Federalists, Blue-light.49 

Federalists, their overthrow.38 

Federalists, origin of the name.22 

Fifteen gallon law.78 

Fillmore, Millard, succeeds Taylor.87 

Filibustei-ing expedition.85 

Filibustering expedition, Walker’s.89 

Filibuster Walker txied and acquitted... .89 

Filibuster Walker returns to U. S.89 

Financial depiession, 1819.53 

Financial distress.54 

Financial distress in 1821.57 

Financial panic, 1837.75 

Financial panic in California .89 

Financial paxxic, 1893; cause of.125 

Financial panic, started by newspapers. 126 

Financial panic sweeps over U. S.89 

Fish culture, first attempt at, in U. S.37 

Flag of the United States.21 

Florida and Texas pui’chased.53 

Florida Indians.53 

Floi’ida invaded.53 

Floi’ida, possession taken of.57 

Force Bill. 67 

Forms of naturalization.124, 125 

Fort Dearborn, Chicago, built.37 

Fox't Dearborn, Chicago, evacuated...45 

Fort Sumter fired on.93 

France, difficulties with.29 

France, peace commissioners to.29 

France, trade re-opened .45 

Franklin, Benjamin, begins his career... .16 

Free Press in New York.16 

Freedman’s Bureau established.97 


















































































































6 


Index to Contents 


Free schools in 1649, in Mass.14 

Free-Soil convention, candidates. 86 

Free-Soil party, first. 81 

Free-Soil platform...90 

Free trade and sailors’ rights.41 

Free trade, arguments for...117 

Free trade in 1643.14 

Fremont, John C., exploration.77 

French Revolution.81 

Fugitive slaves, escape of.30 

Fugitive Slave Law.30 

Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional.89 

Fugitive Slave Law passed.87 

Fugitive Slave Law repealed.97 

Cag rule.74 

Gerrymander, origin of. 43 

Gold in California, first discovered.81 

Government deposits.67 

Governments of different countries. Ill 

Governors, salaries of.109 

Governors, time in office.109 

Government land grant to first R. R. Co..85 

Government ownership of banks.120 

Grand jury, first on American continent. 13 

Grey town, Nicaragua, bombarded.89 

Gun for throwing shells.50 

“Hail Columbia” written. 33 

Hamilton, Alexander, killed.37 

Hamilton, Alexander, sketch of.39 

Hancock, John.29 

Harney, Gen., chastises Indians.89 

Harper’s Ferry; John Brown’s raid.93 

Harrison, William Henry, sketch of.79 

Hartford convention platform.51 

Hayes’ arctic expedition.93 

Hayes, R. B., declared elected.103 

Haymarket riot.107 

Henry documents.... .43 

Henry, Patrick.17 

Henry, Patrick, death of.33 

Henry, Patrick, sketch of.34 

Horse-racing.54 

Houston, President, republic of Texas... .79 
Humboldt’s exploration.37 

Idaho Territory formed.97 

Inhabitants sq. mile different countries. Ill 

Ice, first seen in New Orleans.55 

Impeachment trial.39 

Importation of English goods.51 

Imprisonment for debt abolished.73 

Independence, Declaration of.20 

Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 1729... 16 

Independence of the United States.21 

Independent People’s Labor platform. ..119 

India rubber fluid, first patent.65 

Indian slaves.31 

Indian victory by Gen. Wayne.29 

Indian war, Harrison, Tecumseh.45 

Interior Department established.81 

J.rpn bolt, first in America.... .61 


Jamestown, when settled, by whom.12 

Japanese embassy to the United States...93 

Jackson’s victory, celebration of.59 

Jay, John, sketch of. 66 

Jefferson Davis inaugurated President.. .97 

Jefferson, Thos., sketch of.62 

John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry.93 

Johnson,Andrew, appointed military gov.97 
Johnson,Andrew, impeachment proposed.99 
Johnson,Andrew, impeachment begun....99 
Johnson,Andrew, found “not guilty”.99 

Kansas admitted to the Union.93 

Kentucky and Virginia resolutions.33 

Know-Nothing party organized. 86 

Know-Nothing party national convention89 

Know-Nothing party disrupted.89 

Kossuth, arrival in New York. 86 


Legislative bodies of different nations.. .23 

Legislative members, pay of.109 

Legislatures in different States.101 

Legislative Houses in Massachusetts.14 

Lewis and Clarke’s exploration.42 

Liberator, paper established in Boston....67 

Liberty party convention, 1839 .78 

Liberty Bell. 16 

Liberty, stand for. 13 

Library of .United States destroyed. 86 

License law, first in Massachusetts.14 

Lincoln Statue at Washington.103 

Lincoln’s wish concerning monopolies... .97 

Loco-Foco, origin of the name. 71 

Loco-Foco platform, 1836. 71 

Louisiana purchased, extent of. 37,39 

Lovejoy, Elijah P., killed..69 

Machinery, opposition to. 66 

Madison, James, sketch of. 74 

Mail, overland, first. ..93 

Maine liquor law passed. gg 

Major Andre, remains removed. 57 

Massachusetts Bay Colony. '. . . .12 

Massachusetts, political abolition in..! .!!78 

Mason, Anti-.. 

Masonic, Anti-, convention. 66 

Maxwell Code, printing of. 3 ^ 

Mexican independence recognized. 57 

Mexico proclaimed independent. . '.57 

Mexican wars.. 

Mexico, Santa Anna, President of..'.*.*.75 

Michigan Territory organized. 42 

Middlesex Canal.* "39 

Miiitia, uniform system adopted..*.26 

Minister to Great Britain, first.!! .’25 

Minnesota admitted to Union. 93 

Minnesota Territory purchased.!..85 


Missouri Compromise Bill, passage of... .53 

Missouri Compromise... 54 

Money, Continental..*..!. 19 

Money, Federal.... ..'.*.*.* V.V.V...21 

Money in New England in 1640 . . . *,...,. ,13 














































































































Index to Contents 


7 


Money, paper, first.15 

Monetary conference.105 

Monroe Doctrine, announcement of.57 

Monroe Doctrine explained.58 

Morgan, William, drowning of.61 

Mormon Church organized.67 

Mormons driven from Missouri.73 

Mormon settlement, Ohio, Missouri.65 

Mormon troubles settled.93 

Moultrie, General William.42 

National banking system created.97 

National Academy of Arts.97 

Native-American party, 1835.70 

Native-American riot, Philadelphia.77 

National Democratic platform, 1832.69 

Nationalization of industries.120 

National mint established.25 

National Republicans.65 

National road.42 

Naturalization, first in Maryland.14 

Naturalization papers, forms of....124, 125 

Naturalization, uniform system of.38 

Naval School, United States, opened.77 

Navy Department established.33 

Negro suffrage, Iowa and Minnesota.99 

Negro suffrage in Michigan.99 

Neutrality, proclamation of.30 

Newspaper, first permanent.16 

Newspaper, first in America...15 

Newspaper, first in New York.16 

Newspaper founded, first.41 

Newspaper, San Francisco, first.81 

Newspapers start a panic.126 

New York, named after Duke of York.... 15 

Northwestern boundary established.81 

Northwest Territory opened.29 

Northwest Territory, in 1800.37 

Nullification.34 

Nullification Act.67 

Ocean Cable, first laid.93 

Odd Fellows’ first permanent lodge. .53 

Odd Fellows’ lodge established.41 

Office, political removals from.66 

Old Hickory; origin of the name.50 

Our country, right or wrong.51 

Overland mail, first American.93 

Paine’s pamphlet.,.20 

Paine, death of.41 

Patent-right law, first.25 

Panama, Isthmus of, treaty about.85 

Peace, attempt to secure.95 

Peace between U. S. and England.49 

Peace between U. S. and Tripoli.37 

Pensions granted Revolutionary soldiers49 

People’s party platform,1892.119 

Perry’s expedition to Japan. .86 

Perry’s victoiy on Lake Erie.45 

Pewter Muggers; origin of name.65 

Pirates, war against..,,.,.,. 37 


Platform, American party, 1856.93 

Platform, Clintonian, 1812.43 

Platform, Democratic, 1840.78 

Platform, Democratic, 1856.94 

Platform, Democratic, 1852.91 

Platform, Democratic, 1892.118 

Platform, Free-Soil, 1852.90 

Platform, Hartford convention, 1815.51 

Platform, Independent People’s Labor. .119 

Platform, Loco-Foco, 1836. 71 

Platform, National Democratic, 1832.69 

Platform, People’s Party, 1892.119 

Platform, Prohibition, 1892.’.119 

Platform, Republican, 1800.38 

Platform, Republican, 1892.118 

Platform, Whig, 1836.70 

Platform, Whig, 1852.90 

Pocket-veto.66 

Poll tax, first in this country.14 

Political conventions.94, 121 

Political questions, lectures upon.55 

Political removal from office, first.38 

Political removals from office.66 

Polk, James K., sketch of.86 

Polygamy prohibited by Congress.97 

Population, center of. 107 

Population of foreign countries.Ill 

Population of New England in 1640.13 

Population of United States in 1810.45 

Population in all New England,1688.15 

Population of United States in 1840. 73 

Population per square mile, each State. .27 

Postage 25 cents on letters.26 

Postage on letters reduced.85 

Postage rates, 1792.25 

Postal service established.25 

Postoffices, first'government.16 

Presidents, facts about.115 

Press muzzled.14 

President’s home in Washington.26 

Presidential election, 1st; Washington. ..24 
Presidential election, 2nd; Washington..28 
Presidential election, 3rd; John Adams. ..32 

Presidential election, 4th; Jefferson.36 

Presidential election, 5th; Jefferson.40 

Presidential election, 6th; Madison.44 

Presidential election, 7th; Madison.48 

Presidential election, 8th; Monroe. 52 

Presidential election, 9th; Monroe.56 

Presidential election, 10th; J. Q. Adams..60 

Presidential election, 11th; Jackson.64 

Presidential election, 12th; Jackson.68 

Presidential election, 13th; Van Buren..72 

Presidential election, 14th; Harrison.76 

Presidential election, 15th; Polk.80 

Presidential election, 16th; Taylor.84 

Presidential election, 17th; Pierce.88 

Presidential election, 18th; Buchanan....92 

Presidential election, 19th; Lincoln.96 

Presidential election, 20th; Lincoln .98 

Presidential election, 21st; Grant.100 

Presidential election, 22ncJ; Grant.,.,.,402 

















































































































8 


Index to Contents 


Presidential election, 23rd; Hayes.104 

Presidential election, 24th; Garfield.180 

Presidential election, 25th; Cleveland... 100 
Presidential election, 26th; Harrison. ...112 
Presidential election, 27th; Cleveland... 116 

Presidential message, first written.33 

Primary meetings.121 

Prince of Wales, arrival of.93 

Printing press, first in English colonies..13 

Printing press, west of Mississippi.41 

Proclamation of amnesty.99 

Proclamation of emancipation.97 

Prohibition party first organized.103 

Prohibition platform, 1892.119 

Prosperity, general.59 

Prosperous period.53 

Protection, arguments for.63 

Protection opposed.65 

Protective tariff, first.23 

Protective tariff. 50 

Public debt.38 

Public debt, 1793.29 

Public debt, 1796 .29 

Public debt extinguished.69 

Public land; specie required in payment 75 

Public schools proposed.;.29 

Pullman cars boycotted.127 

Pullman strike.126 

Puritans, first colony of in America.12 

Railway cars, first in America.57 

Railroad strike, 1877.105 

Reciprocity treaty with Canada.89 

Reform schools, first in America.57 

Religions in different countries.Ill 

Remedies proposed for labor troubles...127 

Remington rifle, first made.49 

Representative assemblies at Mass. Bay .13 

Republicans cease to exist in name.41 

Republicans change name.41 

Republicans, National.65 

Republicans; origin of the party.31 

Republican party, birth of.91 

Republican party, organized.89 

Republican platform, 1856.94 

Republican platform, 1800.38 

Republican platform, 1892.118 

Revolutionary War, report of.20 

River and Harbor Bills.58 

Road, national.42 

Salvation Army, arrival of.105 

Sandwich Islands recognized by U. S... .77 
San Domingo declared independent......33 

San Salvador, annexation of.58 

Santa Anna, defeat of.74 

Schools, common, recommended.29 

Secession of several States.97 

Secession, talked of in 1787.23 

Secession ordinances repealed.99 

Self-government.12 

Sewing machine, first patent.77 

Sherman Law...126 


Shells, guns for throwing them.50 

Shoe pegs.54 

Single tax, argument for.113, 114 

Silver Currency Bill, veto of.105 

Silver Greys; origin of the name.87 

Silver money in 1651, in Massachusetts.. 14 

Slavery abolished in Canada.37 

Slavery abolished in Connecticut.53 

Slavery abolished in Chile.45 

Slavery abolished in New York.61 

Slavery, consideration of.25 

Slavei'y debates in Congress, 1850.85 

Slavery gradually abolished.33 

Slavery gradually abolished, New Jersey.37 

Slavery, petition to continue.39 

Slavery question, troubles in Kansas.89 

Slaves, escaped, to be returned.85 

Slaves, importation forbidden in Mexico.57 

Slaves, imprisonment for aiding.79 

Slaves, importation of, abolished.41 

Slaves, States without. 79 

Slave trade prohibited, 1794.29 

Slave trade prohibited in 1800.38 

Smith, Joseph, Mormon, shot. 77 

Smithsonian Institution, founding of ... .71 

Socialism.. 

Society for reformation of juveniles.57 

South Carolina secedes. 93 

Southerners’ Convention.85 

Southern Confederacy established. 93 

Specie payment resumed, Jan., 1879_105 

Stage lines of central New York.26 

Stamp Act, in 1765. 17 

Standard time adopted. 170 

State legislators. 109 

State legislature, when meets.u)l 

State legislature, limit of session.101 

State officers, when elected.109 

State representatives, term of. 101 

State senators, term of. 101 

States without slaves. 79 

Steamer “Anglo-Saxon” lost. 97 

Steamship for Europe, first. 53 

Sub-Treasuries. 79 

Suckers and Pukes, origin of the names. .70 

Sumner, Charles, assaulted.89 

Sun, New York, first issued.65 

Supreme court established.25 

Surrender of Lee to Grant. 99 

Tammany Society, origin of the name.. .23 

Tariff Bill enacted. 33 

Tariff, first protective..".".23 

Tariff laws, new. 3 ] 

Tariff, protective. 59 

Tax, amnesty. 37 

Taxation, opposition to, in New Jersey... 14 

Taxation, first internal, 1673. 14 

Taxes, internal, abolished.^. *33 

Tax on tea.. 

Tax, raising of.. 

Taylor, General, in Mexico.....**.*.".’.'.".".*.’.81 
Taylor, Zachary, sketch of.87 




















































































































Index to Contents 


9 


Tea-meetings.17 

Teeumseh, prominent Indian chief.49 

Telegraph lines, first established.77 

Temperance movement, first in U. S.25 

Temperance pledge, first. .. .37 

Temperance society, first organized.41 

Temperance Union organized in Boston. .61 

Territories in United States. 27 

Texas declared independent.69 

Texas, President republic of.78 

Texas, republic of.74 

Thomas Paine’s pamphlet.20 

Titles abolished.30 

Toledo War.70 

Tories, origin of the name.19 

Toronto, Canada, captured.45 

Torpedo, for war purposes.41 

Town government in the colonies.13 

Treaty between France and the U. S..... .21 
Treaty between U. S. and Austria.81 


Treaty between U. S. and Canada, 1858.. .93 
Treaty of commerce bet. U.S. and China. 77 
Treaty of peace between U. S. & China. .93 
Treaty between U. S. and Great Britain.. .29 


Treaty between U. S. and Japan.89 

Treaty between U. S. and Mexico.81 

Treaty of extradition.89 

Treaty of Ghent.50 

Treaty of peace, U. S. and Tripoli.37 

Treaty of peace in 1763. 17 

Treaty of peace with Napoleon.33 

Treaty, U. S. and Brazil.81 

Treaty, U. S. and Sandwich Islands.85 

Treaty between U S. and Sandw’h Isl’ds.99 

Tribune, New York, first issued.73 

Tripoli declared war.33 

Troops called for by Continental Cong’ss.19 

Turret, revolving, for naval vessels.77 

T.veed, Win. M., judgment against.105 

Uncle Sam, origin of the name .43 

Uncle Tom’s Cabin issued.86 

United States, area of.22 

United States, area, population,cap’ls,&c.27 

United States Bank.26 

United States Bank, Nicholas Biddle’s... .71 

United States Bank, second.51 

United States capital, location of.25 

United States coast survey.85 

United States, favoring the.55 

United States flag adopted.53 

United States land office, first.33 

United States library destroyed.86 

United States mint at San Francisco.86 

United States ships, embargo of.41 

United States, the original thirteen.27 

United States, year when settled.27 

Utah Territory established.85 

Vallandigham arrested.97 

Vessels seized, American.42 

Veto, pocket-.66 


Vigilance Committee, San Francisco. 86 

Voters,first requirem’t of, in the colonies. 13 
Voters, necessary property qualifications. 14 

Voting; facts for foreigners. 124 

Voting in each State. j22 

Voting, qualifications for.123 

Wages not reduced by eight hours. 99 

War against pirates.. . . 37 

War declared against England, 1812..”! ^45 
War of the Revolution, No. of soldiers.! .20 
War, munitions of, surrendered * 95 

War of 1812. "”" 45 

War of 1812, number of men in. 50 

War of 1812, report of. 50 

War, preparations for. 95 

War, Secretary of, arrested. 95 

War ships, building of. 31 

War with England, close of.!!!!!!! 5 o 

Wars in Mexico. ^1 

Washington, Geo.,first labor for country 16 

Washington, George, sketch of.. 35 

Washington, elected Com.-In-Chief..'. 19, 34 

Washington’s birthday. 37 * 

Washingtonian Temperance Society. 73 

Washington Territory organized..!. 86 

Washington’s tour through NewEngland.23 
Washington’s farewell to army officers.. .22 
Washington monument,corner stone laid.81 

Washington City named.25 

Washington’s farewell address to Cong’ss 31 

Washington died. 33 

Washington made permanent capital. 33 

Washington burned. 47 

Wayne’s treaty with Indians. 31 

Wayne’s Indian treaty, 1795.29 

Webster, Daniel, sketch of.yo 

Webster and Hayne, debate of.65 

Western Union Telegraph strike.107 

Welland Canal first opened.65 

West Point established. 37 

Whig party; first presidential nominat’n.73 

Whig party, origin of. 70 

Whig platform. 90 

Whig platform, 1836. 70 

Whigs; when name first used. 7 ] 

Whigs; the origin of the name. 19 

Whisky Rebellion.25 

Wilmot Proviso.81 

Wirz, execution of. 99 

Workingmen’s party. 66 

Woman suffrage. 117 

Woman suffrage convention, 1869.100 

Woman suffrage,Washington Territory.107 

Woman suffrage in different States.122 

Woman's temperance crusade.103 

World, countries of.ill 

X. Y. Z. mission.33 

Young Men’s Christian Association. 86 

Young, Brigham, joined the Mormons,. .65 






































































































i 

















Political History of the United States. 


i 

i 


0 


The primary object of existence is happiness. Every living being 
seeks it; every regulation and law, imposed by the very lowest forms 
of associated animal life, is established with this purpose in view. 
Whether happiness shall be attained or not depends upon proper 
government. 

It is probable that in the lowest forms of animal existence an in¬ 
stinctive natural government regulates the action, so that no improve¬ 
ment, perhaps, could be suggested; but in all the varying phases of 
human existence it is seen that government must be constantly varied 
to adapt itself to the continually advancing civilization. 

In the pursuit of happiness the human being first seeks food, and 
then warmth and shelter. A large share of the human family rests 
content when these are obtained. But in the more highly civilized 
portions of the world the improved taste and larger ambitions require 
aesthetic dress and artistic surroundings. To obtain these a larger 
amount of wealth is necessary, and hence the acquisitive impulse 
which actuates the minds of so many people in the higher orders of 
human life. 

To restrain the acquisitive desire and properly direct it, so that it 
shall not encroach upon the rights of others, while permitting the 
largest liberty possible for the free development of individual gain 
and happiness, is the full purpose of political organizations. 

To study our party history in condensed form, the reader is 
referred to the following outline description of the rise of the various 
parties and the principles of the several political organizations in 
this country during the past one hundred years. For many items in 
our early political history we are indebted to Newman’s “America.” 

According to the record preserved in the geographical cabinet of 

the Imperial Library at Paris, France, John Cabot, accompanied by 



12 


Commencement of Self Government. 


his son Sebastian, on the 24th of June, 1494, at five o’clock in the 
morning, discovered land, to which he gave the name, First Land 
Seen (Newfoundland). Cabot had made a westward voyage of ex¬ 
ploration under the patronage of King Henry VII., of England. It 
was claimed that he sailed along the coast of North America for 900 
miles. When he landed, finding no inhabitants, he planted on the 
soil the national ensign of England. 

In consequence of this and other first explorations on the eastern 
shores of this country, England laid claim to North America. Subse¬ 
quently Spain held a claim to a portion of the southeastern territory 
(now Florida); and Mexico and France held parts of the western 
lands, since known as Louisiana, Texas and other western territories. 

Governmental Action of the First Settlers* 

1606. April 10. First English Charter. James I., King of 
England, granted a charter giving the London Company the right to 
colonize in America between the thirty-first and thirty-eighth degrees 
of north latitude, and the Plymouth Company between the fortieth and 
the forty-fifth. The territory thus designated extended from that which 
is now the south line of Georgia to the north line of New Hampshire. 
The charter also extended its grants from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
Ocean, although by right English territory only extended to the Mis¬ 
sissippi River. No power of self-government in the earliest charters 
from England was conveyed to any colony which might be formed. 
The Church of England was to be the only form of religion. 

1607. Jamestown was settled. A colony of a hundred and 
five persons settled at Jamestown in 1607. The Plymouth colony 
settled near the mouth of the Kennebec River, Maine, in 1607; the 
Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620, and thus the 
work of colonization was gradually extended. 

1628 . The Puritans. The first Puritan colony in America, 
consisting of seventy persons, settled this year on land where now 
stands Salem, Massachusetts. This colony, under the leadership of 
John Endicott, was followed by several Puritan colonies from En¬ 
gland, who settled along the Massachusetts coast. 

1630. Self-Government began in Massachusetts Bay colony 
by the election of John Winthrop as governor of the province. 
In the succeeding two years over two thousand Puritans arrived from 
England and began settlements in Roxbury, Dorchester, Cambridge, 
Watertown and Boston, the first house in Boston being built in July, 
1630. In September, 1630, the organization of the town of Boston 
was completed and the first legislature of the settlements around 
Massachusetts Bay was held in Boston, October 19, 1630. 



First Representative Assemblies. First Ballots. 13 


1631. First Requirement of Voters. Regulation of the colo¬ 
nists through law began to be made manifest. At the second general 
court of Massachusetts Bay, held at Boston in 1631, it was voted that 
nobody should from that time become a citizen and a voter unless he 
was a member of some church in the settlements. 

1632. Raising a Tax. In 1632 sixteen delegates were elected 
from the eight towns of the province, to confer with the governor and 
his assistants about the raising of a tax. 

1634. Stand for Liberty. A prominent archbishop was com¬ 
missioned in this year to exercise supreme authority over the English 
colonies, and, if necessary, to revoke charters. Upon receipt of this 
news in Boston, measures were immediately taken by the colonists 
for defense, and fortifications were ordered to be erected at Castle 
Island, Charleston and Dorchester. 

1635. Representative Assemblies began to convene, and 
the first ballot by slips of paper was used in voting at the general 
election at Massachusetts Bay in 1635. In the same year musket 
bullets were made a legal tender as money in Massachusetts Bay, 
instead of farthings; but not more than twelve could be paid at once, 
as necessity required that the bullets be kept in the colony. 

1635. September 1. First Grand Jury. The first grand jury 
on the American continent met in Boston and prepared a list of one 
hundred offenses, which they presented to the magistrates for trial. 

1636. March 3. Town Governments. Measures were taken 
this year for organizing the towns of the province of Massachusetts 
Bay, and for the regulation of town meetings. The Plymouth colony 
this year declared that no taxes should be imposed but by the con¬ 
sent of the freemen of the colony, in public assembly. They also 
laid down some fifty or sixty laws. 

1639. March. The First Printing Press in the English colonies 
was placed at Cambridge, Mass., by Stephen Daye, the first work of 
the press being the issue of the “Freeman’s Oath,” followed by an al¬ 
manac for New England. This press was obtained from Amsterdam 
and was paid for by subscription. A font of type which cost about 
$200 came with the press, and Mr. Daye received a grant of 300 acres 
of land because of his enterprise in getting the press established. 

1640. Population. New England, at this time, had a population 
of about 21,000. There were twelve settlements east of the Hudson 
River, including fifty towns and villages. 

1640. Money in New England. Wampum at this period was 
freely used as a currency. It consisted of small shells attached to a 
string, the black shells being worth double the value of the white shells. 
Beaver skins were also used in trade, as they were also in New Nether¬ 
lands, where the Dutch minister at Albany received a salary of one 
hundred and fifty skins a year. While the skins made a very reliable 
currency, the people often complained of the wampum as being “nas- 



14 First Free Schools. First Naturalization. 


ty, rough things imported from other places and in circulation, the 
good Manhattan wampum being out of sight or exported elsewhere, 
which must cause the ruin of the country.” 

1643 . May. Free Trade. The House of Commons in En¬ 
gland ordered that all exports from and imports into New England 
should be without duty. 

1644 . June. The First Internal Tax on spirits was imposed by 
the Dutch West India Company and aroused much opposition. 

1644 . Two Legislative Houses in Massachusetts. Various ques¬ 
tions arising, showing the necessity for a negative vote of the people 
as against the decision of magistrates, the division of sentiment led 
this year to the establishment of two branches of the general court, 
in order that one might have a negative vote on the other. 

1646 . The First Poll Tax in this country was levied in Massachu¬ 
setts this year, the amount being 2 S. 6d. upon every male over sixteen 
years of age. 

1646 . The First License Law in Massachusetts was passed. 

1649 . Free Schools were introduced into Massachusetts by a law 
requiring every township to maintain a free school, and every town of 
one hundred families to maintain a grammar school capable of fitting 
youths for the university. 

1651 . Silver Money. An order was passed in Massachusetts 
preventing wampum from being longer received for taxes. In June, 
1652, the first mint in the English colonies was established at Boston. 
This turned out silver pieces of the value of twelve pence, six pence, 
and three pence. These coins soon took the place of wampum, bullets 
and skins as a medium of exchange. 

1663 . Property Qualifications. A law made that each voter 
must have an estate worth $60, besides some personal property. 

1666 . First Naturalization. The assembly of Maryland passed 
the first act for the naturalization of aliens. 

1672 . First Copyright Law in America was passed by the gen¬ 
eral court of Massachusetts. 

1673 . First Internal Colonial Taxation. In February the 
British passed an act levying duties on sugars, tobacco, cotton, wool, 
etc., which should be carried from one colony to another, and estab¬ 
lished custom houses to carry the regulation into effect. General dis¬ 
satisfaction was expressed among the people. 

1680 . Opposition to Taxation. The New Jersey assembly de¬ 
clared that duties laid on goods without its consent were “illegal and 
unconstitutional,” and resistance commenced. 

1681 . Roman Catholics were denied the right to vote in Mary¬ 
land, and public offices were to be given only to Protestants. 

1681 . The Press Muzzled. A printing press having been set 



First Newspaper in America. 


15 


up in Virginia, on which a volume of the colonial laws was being 
printed, orders came from England to “allow no person to use a press 
on any occasion whatever.” All printing ceased in this province from 
that year until 1729. 

1682. New York and Philadelphia. The Dutch had settled on 
Manhattan Island in 1614, and the locality received the name of New 
Amsterdam. This name was retained until the surrender of the island 
and its people to the British expedition fitted out by the Duke of 
York in 1664. The name was then changed to New York, and Fort 
Orange became Albany. In 1682 the ground upon which Philadel¬ 
phia stands was purchased of the Swedes, and the streets were laid 
out by survey. 

1683. Mention of Chicago appears on a map dated at “Quebec, 
Canada, 1683.” The place is called “Fort Checagou. ” 

1686. All New England Charters were annulled by King James, 
and Sir Edmund Andros was appointed governor of the whole terri¬ 
tory. Upon the arrival of Andros in Boston, trouble for the New 
England settlers began at once. He laid taxes, ordered that no print¬ 
ing press should be operated, and decreed that no marriage should be 
solemnized except by a Church of England minister. He declared 
that the church power then in force should be humbled and that an 
Episcopacy should be established. 

1687. Charter Oak. Andros went from Boston to Hartford to 
secure the charter of Connecticut. After making a demand for it to 
the assembly, the lights were blown out—according to current ac¬ 
counts—the charter was removed from the box where it had been 
kept, was taken to a hollow in the “Charter Oak” tree in Hartford, 
and there hidden until Andros was deposed. He took the government 
of Connecticut, however, into his own hands. 

1688. Population. Andros was appointed governor of New 
York and New Jersey, as well as New England, the whole territory 
being made the dominion of New England, much to the displeasure 
of the people of New York. At that time there were supposed to be 
about 210,000 white settlers in the English American colonies. 

1689. Arrest of Andros. Upon receipt of news of the overthrow 
of King James, Andros was arrested in Boston and sent for trial to 
England. He was, however, never formally tried. 

1690. The First Newspaper in America was issued in Boston, 
under the editorship of Benjamin Harris. It was called ' ‘Public Occur¬ 
rences, both Foreign and Domestic.” It was to have been a monthly 
publication, but owing to political utterances it was suppressed after 
the first issue. 

1690. First Paper Money. In December the first paper money 
in the English colonies was issued by Massachusetts, in the form of 
Bills of Credit, to pay for the expedition against Quebec. The amount 
authorized was £40,000. 



16 Government Postoffices Established 


1704 . First Permanent Newspaper. The Boston News Letter 
was published at Boston, by Bartholomew Green. Contained three 
small pages in the first number, and one advertisement for John Camp¬ 
bell, bookseller. It was forty years before the News Letter obtained 
300 subscribers. The Boston Gazette, the second newspaper in the 
English colonies, was founded and published by James Franklin, an 
older brother of Benjamin. 

1710 . The First Government Postoffices were established in 
America in accord with an act of Parliament providing for general 
postal facilities in all the English dominions. One central office was 
to be at New York, and others at central points. 

1721 . The New England Courant, by James Franklin, followed 
the Gazette, the publication of the Gazette having been taken from 
Franklin by the owner. In consequence of too much freedom of 
criticism, Franklin was imprisoned, and the Courant lived about six 
years. Benjamin Franklin set type and wrote some articles for it, 
but disagreement between the brothers caused Benjamin to run away 
to Philadelphia. 

1725 . The First Newspaper in New York, named the New 
York Gazette, was established by William Bradford. 

1729 . The Erection of Independence Hall, which served in 
Philadelphia as a State House until the Revolution, was begun this 
year. It was completed in 1734. 

1731 . Franklin Heard From. A public library, the first of its 
kind by subscription, was started by Benjamin Franklin. He obtained 
fifty subscribers at forty shillings each to the original stock. He 
issued “Poor Richard’s Almanac” in 1732, under the name of Richard 
Saunders. It attained a wide circulation through its wise sayings, 
its maxims being translated into other languages. In 1742 he brought 
out an open iron fire-place, which, known as the Franklin stove, is yet 
in use. In 1748 he transmitted currents of electricity through wire 
across the Schuylkill River, in Pennsylvania. 

1734 . Free Press in New York. John Peter Zenger, the 
publisher of the New York Weekly Journal, which had defended pop¬ 
ular political rights against the demands of the crown, was acquitted 
after imprisonment and trial, amid great rejoicings of the colonies. 
The spirit of independence and resistance to British control was 
rapidly spreading among the colonies. 

1752 . The Liberty Bell was brought from England, and became 
known by the above name after ringing out the proclamation of 
liberty at the Declaration of Independence, in 1776. The bell was 
cracked soon after it arrived in this country, and was recast at Phila¬ 
delphia. The present crack in the bell is the result of violent ringing 
in honor of the visit of Henry Clay to Philadelphia. 

1753 . Oct. 31 . George Washington,at this time twenty-one years 
of age, was entrusted to make a long, perilous journey, by command 



Growing Discontent. Stamp Act. 17 


of Lieut. Gov. Dinwiddie, to the French post, next to the Alleghanies. 
The return journey was made in the winter, amid great dangers in 
crossing rivers filled with floating ice, in struggling in deep snow and 
eluding the Indians. This was about the beginning of Washington’s 
services in behalf of his country. His military labors in the succeed¬ 
ing few years were mainly directed against incursions by the French 
and Indians. 

1757. February. Growing Discontent. Owing to the con¬ 
tinued oppression of the English government towards the colonies and 
the unhappy conditions existing,especially in Pennsylvania, Benjamin 
Franklin was chosen as an agent to represent the unpleasant state of 
the province to the British parliament. In the meantime the English 
house of commons had adopted the resolve that a colonial assembly 
had no right to raise and apply public money by its own right alone. 

1763. Feb. 10. Treaty of Peace. By a treaty made between 
England, Portugal, France and Spain, England received Florida and 
Louisiana as far west as the Mississippi River, except the island of 
New Orleans, Acadia and Canada. Spain received New Orleans and 
all of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River. Spain subse¬ 
quently conveyed Louisiana to France, from which, through the first 
Napoleon, that territory was purchased for the United States govern¬ 
ment. 

1765. May 22. Stamp Act. The famous stamp act, adopted 
by the English parliament at this time, provided that legal documents 
of all kinds must be written on paper bearing a stamp costing from 
three cents to six pounds; that every newspaper and pamphlet should 
bear a stamp costing from one half-penny to four pence and that each 
advertisement should pay a duty of two shillings. The paper for 
legal documents was to be bought only of tax collectors. 

1765. May 29. Patrick Henry. The resolutions of Patrick Henry 
were introduced into the Virginia assembly at this time, opposing the 
Stamp Act, and passed after an excited debate in which Patrick 
Henry made a most eloquent speech. The disturbance created in all 
parts of the country was so great as to cause the repeal of the act by 
Parliament in the succeeding year. 

1767. The Tea Tax. In place of the repealed Stamp Act the 
British Parliament imposed a tax on tea and other commodities of 
common and needful use imported by the colonies. This tax was 
also resisted. 

1773. Oct. 15. A Tea Meeting. The British government hav¬ 
ing arranged with the East India Company to take to the American 
harbors tea at a much lower price than had heretofore been paid, in 
the expectation that the people would pay it and pay the import duty 
because of the lower price, tea meetings were held in New York at this 
date, to oppose receiving it. Like meetings were also held in Philadel¬ 
phia and Boston. At the meeting in Boston it was resolved to allow 
none of the tea to be landed there, but that the ships then in the 



l8 


Session of the Continental Congress. 


harbor should be requested to depart with their tea. The authorities 
having refused to allow them to depart, before the adjournment of the 
tea meeting fifty men, disguised as Indians, proceeded to the ship and 
threw three hundred and forty-two chests of the tea into the water. 
Who the parties were that committed that act was never known to the 
authorities. 

1774. Sept. 5. First Continental Congress. To enumerate the 
many meetingsof the colonists, in remonstranceagainst the oppressions 
which the English government continually imposed upon its colonial 
subjects, would be to make an extended history of the United States. 
It was finally resolved to meet in a convention, to consider the condi¬ 
tions, and this assemblage at this time in Philadelphia was the first 
Continental Congress Then followed a series of congresses from this 
time up to 1788, the date and places of meeting being as follows, in¬ 
cluding the first congress of 1774: 


Continental Congress of 
Beginning Sept. 5, 1774- 

First Session—Held at Philadelphia, 
Pa., Sept. 5, 1774, to Oct. 26, 1774. 
Presidents of the Congress—Peyton 
Randolph, ofVa., and Henry Mid¬ 
dleton, of S. C. 

Second Session—Held at Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa., from May 10, 1775, to Dec. 
12, 1776. Presidents of the Congress 
—Peyton Randolph, of Va., and 
John Hancock, of Mass. 

Third Session—Held at Baltimore, 
Md., from Dec. 20, 1776, to March 
4, 1777. President of the Congress 
—John Hancock, of Mass. 

Fourth Session—Held at Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa., from March 4, 1777, to 
Sept. 18, 1777. President of the 
Congress—John Hancock, of Mass. 

Fifth Session —Held at Lancaster, 
Pa., Sept. 27, 1777, lasting only one 
day. President of the Congress— 
John Hancock, of Mass. 

Sixth Session—Held at York, Pa., 
from Sept. 30, 1777, to June 27, 1778. 
Presidents of the Congress — John 
Hancock, of Mass.,and Henry Lau¬ 
rens, of S. C. 

Seventh Session—Held at Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa., July2, 1778, to June 27, 
1783. Presidents of the Congress- 
Henry Laurens, of S. C.; John Jay, 
of N. Y.; Samuel Huntington, of 
Ct.; Thomas McKean, of Del.; John 
Hanlon, of Md,, and Elias Boudi- 
not, of N. J. 


the American Colonies. 

-Closing Oct. 21,1788. 

Eighth Session—Held at Princeton, 
N. J., from June 30, 1783, to Nov. 4, 

1783. Presidents of the Congress— 
Elias Boudinot.of N.J.,and Thomas 
Mifflin, of Pa. 

Ninth Session—Held at Annapolis, 
Md., from Nov. 26, 1783, to June 3, 

1784. Presidents of the Congress— 
Thomas Mifflin.,of Pa., and Richard 
Henry Lee, of Va. 

Tenth Session—Held at Trenton, N. 
J., from Nov. 1, 1784, to Dec. 24. 

1784. President of the Congress— 
Richard Henry Lee, of Va. 

Eleventh Session—Held at NewYork, 
N. Y., from Jan. 11, 1785, to Nov. 4, 

1785. President of the Congress— 
Richard Henry Lee, of Va. 

Twelfth Session—Held at New York, 
N. Y., Nov. 7, 1785, to Nov. 3, 1786. 
Presidents of the Congress—John 
Hancock, of Mass, (who could not 
serve owing to illness), and Natha¬ 
niel Gorham, of Mass. 

Thirteenth Session — Held at New 
York, N, Y., from Nov. 6, 1786, to 
Oct. 30, 1787. Presidents of the 
Congress — Nathaniel Gorham of 
Mass., and Arthur St. Clair, of Pa. 

Fourteenth Session—Held at New 
York, N. Y., from Nov. 5, 1787, to 
Oct. 21, 1788. Presidents of the 
Congress—Arthur St. Clair, of Pa., 
and Cyrus Griffin, of Va. 




Whigs and Tories. Revolution Begins. 


19 


1775. Abolitionists. The first society for the abolition of slavery 
was formed in Philadelphia, April 14 , 1775 , with Benjamin Franklin 
as president. In New York, January 25 , 1785 , another society was 
formed for the same purpose. Soon afterwards societies were formed 
in all the States, and it was not until the development of cotton plant¬ 
ing, in the early part of the present century, raised the price on slaves, 
that their meetings, publications and petitions were treated otherwise 
than respectfully. The term Abolition grew out of the contest which 
dates with Wm. Lloyd Garrison’s arraignment of slave-holders ascrim- 
inals in 1829 . In Boston a society, called the New England Anti- 
Slavery Society, was formed to promote and advance the cause of 
emancipation. In 1840 the Abolitionists, or Liberty Party, first ap¬ 
peared as a distinctive party; and January 1 , 1863 . their efforts cul¬ 
minated in the Emancipation Proclamation. In February, 1869 ,Con¬ 
gress abolished slavery forever in the United States. 

1775. The Day of Trial. The period extending from 1775 to 
1783 , eight years, was one of severe hardships. It was the era of 
revolution. Two parties were in the field, designated as follows: 

1775. The Whigs. This word is said to come from Whiggamore, 
a name given to certain Scotchmen who, when traveling, in driving 
their horses use the word Whiggam. In 1648 the Scotch Presbyterian 
ministers incited an insurrection against the court and marched with 
the people to Edinburgh. This was called the Whiggamores’ in¬ 
road, and after this all that opposed the administration in Scotland 
were called Whigs, which came to be understood as applied to the liberal 
party. The Whigs during the war of the revolution comprised the 
patriots, who were opposed to the British government. After the rev¬ 
olution the Whigs broke into factions, the strong government Whigs 
and the Particularists, and these gave rise to the Federals and the 
Republicans. 

1775. Tories. Tory is said to be an Irish word denoting a robber 
or a savage, or from the word toree (give me your money). Hence as 
a term of reproach, was probably first applied to the party in power. 
Latterly it is applied to the members of the conservative party, who 
are earnest supporters of royalty. For many years the name has 
ceased to designate an existing party in the United States. The suc¬ 
cessors of the Tories are now commonly known as the Conservatives. 

1775. May 10. Troops Called For. At the second Continental 
Congress it was resolved to raise 20,000 men for the army and navy. 

1775. June 17. Washington Elected Commander-in-Chief. 
July 3 he assumed command of the army under a large elm at Cam¬ 
bridge, Mass., the tree afterwards known as the “ Washington Elm.” 

1775. June 22. Continental Money. The pressing demand at 
this period for money with which to buy powder caused the Continen¬ 
tal Congress to resolve upon borrowing, / 6 ,ooo ($ 30 , 000 ) for the 
defense of America, pledging the faith of the colonies for repay- 






20 


The Declaration of Independence. 


ment. As Benjamin Franklin was experienced in printing, had printed 
paper money for the colony of New Jersey, and had devised the first 
copper-plate press for printing the bills, the supervision of the prep¬ 
aration of this money was entrusted to him. The first Continental 
bills were of several denominations, from one to twenty dollars,and in 
form as follows: 

Continental Currency. 

No. Dollars. 

This bill entitles the bearer to receive. 

Spanish milled dollars, or the value thereof in gold 
or silver, according to the resolutions of Congress 
held at Philadelphia, on the 10th day of May, A. D. 

1775. 

1775. Report on War of the Revolution. The report of the 
Secretary of War, issued May io. 1790, gave the number of troops 
from each of the old thirteen States, enlisted during the war of the 
revolution,as follows. The period extended from 1775 to 1783 ,inclu¬ 
sive, and comprised Continental Soldiers and Militia: 

No. of Soldiers from Each State During Revolutionary War. 


STATES 

1775 

1776 

1777 

1778 

1779 

1780 

1781 

1782 

1783 

New Hampshire 

2,824 

4.011 

4,483 

1,783 

1,226 

1,777 

700 

744 

733 

Massachusetts.. 

16,444 

20,372 

12,591 

13,437 

7,738 

7,889 

5,298 

4,423 

4,370 

Connecticut. 

4,507 

13,127 

6,563 

4,010 

3,544 

3,687 

3,921 

1,732 

1,740 

Rhode Island... 

1,193 

1,900 

2,048 

3,056 

1,263 

915 

464 

481 

372 

New York. 

2,075 

8,094 

5,332 

2,194 

3,756 

4,847 

1,178 

1,198 

1,169 

New Jersey. 


9,086 

2,908 

2,586 

1,276 

1,267 

823 

660 

676 

Pennsylvania ... 
Delaware. 

400 

10,395 

754 

9,464 

1,299 

7,565 

3,684 

349 

3,476 

317 

2,849 

3,337 

556 

2,065 

1,346 

89 

2,107 

1,265 

1,598 

00 c 

Maryland. 


3,329 

3,307 

104 

1,280 

235 

974 

Virginia. 

3,180 

6,181 

11,013 

7,830 

8,572 

6,986 

6,119 

2,204 

629 

North Carolina . 

2,000 

4,134 

1,281 

1,287 

4,920 

3,000 

3,545 

1,105 

697 

South Carolina . 

4,000 

6.069 

2,000 

3,650 

4,500 

6,000 

3,000 

2,000 

139 

Georgia... 

1,000 

2,301 

2,173 

3,873 

837 

750 

750 

750 

145 

Total.. 

37,623 

89,761 

68,720 

51,046 

44,275 

43,076 

29,340 

18,006 

13,477 


1776. Jan. 9. Thomas Paine’s Pamphlet, entitled "Common 
Sense,” reached Congress, conveying so many arguments in behalf of 
the founding of a republic in America as to create a profound impres¬ 
sion, which greatly strengthened the patriotic cause. Pennsylvania 
gave Paine /500 for this production. 

1776. Declaration of Independence. In the Virginia Conven¬ 
tion in May, 1776 , Richard Henry Lee moved that its delegates be 
instructed to propose a resolution for independence. On June 10, 
1776 , the Colonial Congress, assembled in Philadelphia, appointed a 

committee to prepare a "Declaration of Independence.” This com¬ 
mittee consisted of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Frank¬ 
lin, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston. The document was 
written by Thomas Jefferson, was engrossed, was signed by John Han¬ 
cock, President of the Congress,and was issued to the world accom¬ 
panied by the ringing of the Liberty Bell, in Philadelphia, July 4 1776 . 










































Independence of the United States. 


21 


1777. Flag of the United States. Accepted by Congress, June 
14 . The flag to have thirteen red and white stripes, and thirteen 
white stars on blue ground (typical of the original thirteen States); 
the number of stripes to continue thirteen, but the number of stars to 
indicate the present number of States. Was claimed to have been 
first sent to the battle of Brandy wine, September 11 , 1777 . In the army 
flag the stars are grouped in the form of one large central star, and in 
the navy flag they are arranged in parallel rows. The first flag was 
made by Mrs. Betsy Ross at No. 239 Arch Street, Philadelphia, from 
a rough design furnished by General Washington. 

1778. French Spoliation Claims. A treaty of “commerce and 
amity” was made between France and the United States in 1778 , 
stopping search or seizure of all vessels belonging to each other. After 
the close of the Revolutionary War, France was again at war with 
Great Britain, while the United States remained neutral. France found 
her trade with America interfered w ; th, while she was bound by treaty 
not to interfere with Great Britain's trade with the United States. 
Not satisfied with this arrangement, France broke the treaty and seized 
the cargoes of the American vessels trading with Great Britain 
Claims were presented to the French government by the owners of 
the vessels that had been despoiled, but France refused to consider 
them unless a counterclaim was allowed against the United States for 
a breach of the treaty of alliance. This counter claim was finally 
allowed by the United States government, but the American mer¬ 
chants who had claims against the French government objected to 
yielding up their claims to settle a debt of the government, and peti¬ 
tioned Congress to indemnify their losses. The petition has been 
brought before Congress again and again in the last eighty years, but 
the claim still remains unsettled. 

1778. Feb. 6 . Treaty between France and the United States. 

France acknowledged the independence of the United States by en¬ 
tering into a treaty with the latter this year. This is the first treaty 
that the United States has made with any nation? 

1779. Jan. 1. Federal Money. One dollar in gold would buy 
seven or eight dollars in the United States bills at this time. Such 
was the depreciation in value of colonial paper money. In Decem¬ 
ber of this year one gold dollar would buy thirty dollars in paper 
money. 

1780. Banks. The first bank in the United States, the “Bank 
of Pennsylvania,” was chartered. In 1781 the “Bank of North 
America” came into existence, with a capital of $ 400 , 000 . Its bills 
were made a legal tender for all taxes and dues of the United States. 
Was of great assistance to the government in paying off the soldiers. 
Is now in existence as a national bank. 

1782. July. Independence of the United States. The British 
parliament passed a bill to enable the king to acknowledge the same, 
and Congress in September appointed John Adams, John Jay, Ben- 



22 


Adoption of the Constitution. 


jamin Franklin and Henry Laurens as commissioners of peace. The 
British government gave Mr. Osw^fQ power to treat with them, and 
on November 30 a preliminary treaty of peace between Great Britain 
and the United States was signed at Paris. The definite treaty, 
after full consideration of boundary lines occupying the time for 
nearly one year, was signed September 3, 1783. 

1783 . Area < 5 f the United States. In this year the king of 
Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the original thirteen 
States, and yielded all claim to this territory. At that time the area 
of the United States extended from the northern part of New En¬ 
gland to the northern line of Florida, and westward to the Missis¬ 
sippi River. In 1803 the United States purchased the territory of 
Louisiana, extending northward from the Gulf of Mexico to the Brit¬ 
ish possessions, and westward from the Mississippi River to the Pacific 
Ocean. It was purchased from France, the purchase price being $15,- 
000,000. Before this purchase the area of the original thirteen 
States was 829,680 square miles. By the purchase of Louisiana our 
government gained an additional 899,579 square miles. 

1783 . Dec. 4 . Washington’s Farewell to the army officers 
took place in Fraunce’s Tavern, at the corner of Broadway and Pearl 
Streets, New York. On December 23 he resigned his commission to 
Congress and proceeded to his home at Mount Vernon. 

1785 . Brother Jonathan. Jonathan Trumbull was formerly a 
tnember of the Colonial Congress, and was in public life for fifty 
years, being governor of Connecticut in the latter period of his public 
life. He was frequently consulted by Washington and others in au¬ 
thority as to state affairs, a familiar phrase being, “Let us see 
what Brother Jonathan has to say about it.” From this the term 
Brother Jonathan grew into use as a name for the United States gov¬ 
ernment. 

1786 . A Decimal Coinage of gold and silver was adopted by 
Congress, names and designs being chosen. 

1787 . Federalist. This term is from the Latin fadus, faderis, a 
covenant, a league, and had reference to the party that strongly fa¬ 
vored the adoption of the constitution. 

1787 . Constitution of the United States. On September 28, 
1787, in Constitutional Convention, at Philadelphia, the “Constitution 
of the United States” was adopted. The convention had given four 
months to its consideration. In its final preparation it was assigned 
to a committee consisting of Governeur Morris of Pennsylvania, Wil¬ 
liam S. Johnson of Connecticut. Alexander Hamilton of New York, 
James Madison of Virginia, and Rufus King of Massachusetts. In this 
committee, by common consent, the work was entrusted mainly to 
Morris, who wrote out the entire document. With some minor changes, 
the work was adopted by the convention as written, and sent out to 
the several states at the above date, for ratification. 


« 


\ 



The First Protective Tariff. 


23 


1787. Secession. Elbridge Gerry, in the convention of 1787 , 
remarked that unless some compromise could be effected by which 
existing difficulties between the States might be settled, secession, he 
foresaw, would take place. For some fifty years after the adoption of 
the United States constitution, the right of secession was never seri¬ 
ously questioned. South Carolina, in her State Convention at Charles¬ 
ton, December 10 , i 860 , passed an ordinance of secession, giving as 
her reason the general hostility of the North toward the Southern 
States and the refusal of the North to execute the Fugitive Slave Law. 

1789. Legislative Bodies. The following list shows that most 
of the leading countries of the world have two branches of Congress, 
which very nearly correspond with our Congress in its Senate and 
House of Representatives. According to the “Statesman’s Year Book,” 
the absolute governments of the world, as Russia, China, Turkey, etc., 
have no representative assemblies. 

Parliament and Houses of Congress in Different Countries. 


Austria— Reichsrath; made up of two 
houses, Herrenhaus and Abgeordneten- 
haus. 

Belgium— Parliament; Senate and 
Chamber of Representatives. 

Bulgaria —National Assembly; single 
body. 

Denmark —Rigsdag; Landthing and 
Folkething. 

France —National Assembly; Senate 
and Chamber of Deputies. 

Germany— Die Regierung; Bundes- 
rath and Reichstag. 

Great Britain— Parliament; House 
of Lords and House of Commons. 

Greece— Boule; one chamber. 

Holland— States G en eral; First 
Chamber and Second Chamber. 

Hungary— Reichstag or Orszagyales; 
Magnatentafel and Repraesententen- 
tafel. 


Italy —Parliament; Senato and Cam¬ 
era de Deputati. 

Japan— imperial Diet; House of Peers 
and House of Representatives. 

Norway— Storthing; Lagthing and 
Odelsthing, 

Portugal —Cortes Geraes; Camera 
dos Pares and Camera dos Deputados. 

Prussia —Landtag; Herrenhaus and 
Abgeordnetenhaus. 

Roumania —Constituent Assembly; 

Senate and Chamber of Deputies. 

Servia— Skuptchina; State Council 
and National Assembly. 

Spain —Cortes; Senate and Congress. 

Sweden —Diet; First Chamber and 
Second Chamber. 

Switzerland— Bundes- Versamm- 
lung; Standerath and Nationalrath. 

United States— Congress; Senate 
and House of Representatives. 


1789. April. First Protective Tariff. The first petition to 
Congress was from the mechanics and merchants of Baltimore, asking 
that they be made “independent in fact as well as in name,” by im¬ 
posing duties on foreign articles which would create a demand for 
home labor. This was followed by like petitions from nearly all the 
principal cities. 

1789. Washington in New England. The President made a 
tour through New England in 1789. Throughout his journey from 
New York to Boston, which took nine days, he was received with great 
enthusiasm, especially by the veterans of the Revolution. 

1789. May 12. The Tammany Society, which took its name 
from a Delaware Indian chief, was organized this year as a charitable 
society, but since that time has become distinctly a Democratic organ- 
izationof large influence in New York City and New York State poli¬ 
tics, 




24 


First Presidential Election 


The Candidates in the First Presidential Campaign, in 1788. 


At the first presidential election the 
candidates were George Washington, 
general, planter and surveyor; John 
Adams, lawyer and diplomatist’ John 
Jay, jurist and diplomatist; R. H, Har¬ 
rison, jurist and private secretary; John 
Rutledge, jurist and governor; Samuel 
Huntington, jurist and governor; Ben¬ 


jamin Lincoln, general and lieut.-gov¬ 
ernor; John Hancock, merchant and 
governor; George Clinton, farmer and 
governor; John Milton, state secretary; 
James Armstrong, militia colonel; Ed¬ 
ward Telfair, merchant and governor. 
The election resulted as follows: 


January, 1789—First Presidential Election—Washington Chosen. 

Federalists Victorious. 


N*. of State* 
and No.of 
Electoral 
Vole*. 

Name* of l K e 

Political Parti** in 
the Coutest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Elen oral 
Vote* 

Can* f r 
President. 

El«>tntal 
Vote* 
C**t for 

Vi r«’-Pren. 

13 


r 

Geo. Washington. 



. ..69.. 




John Adams. 




.. .34.... 

States, 



John Jay. 







R. H. Harrison. 





Entitled 



John Rutledge. 







Samuel Huntington. 




_2_ 

to 


' 

Benjamin Lincoln. 





73 



John Hancock. 




4.... 



George Clinton. 





Elector’! 

Anti-Federalist 


John Milton. 




_2_ 



James Armstrong. 





Voles. 



Edward Telfair. 




.... 1 .... 

Totals 

2 Pol. Parties. 




| None 

69 

69 


Until 1824 the Electoral voters were 
chosen by the Legislature of each State, 
and not by the people; hence no popular 
vote appears. 

New York failed to pass a proper 
election law in time to vote, and Rhode 
Island and North Carolina had not 
adopted the Constitution; so their four 
votes were not cast. 


Each elector voted for two candidates, 
the highest number for one electing. 

There was no candidate for Vice- 
President, but John Adams, having the 
vote next highest after Washington, was 
declared Vice-President by the electors. 

Conn., N. J., Del., Md., Va.. S. C., 
and Ga., cast their votes for Washing¬ 
ton—3 States not voting. 


1789-1791—First Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion. 

No. of Members in Senate.29 

No. of Federalists in Senate.7 

No. of Democrats in Senate.5 

Senators, Politics Unknown.17 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.13 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.65 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.13 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.8 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H_44 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.20 

1791-1793—Second Cong 

Political Complexion. 

No. of Members in Senate.31 

No. of Federalists in the Senate.4 

No. of Democrats in the Senate.8 

Senators, Politics Unknown.19 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.17 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.71 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.14 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.9 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.48 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.26 


Pres., Vice-Pres and Cabinet Officers. 

President...George Washington 

Vice-President.John Adams 

Sec’y of State.Thomas Jefferson of Va. 

Sec’y of Treas.Alex. Hamilton of N. Y. 

Sec’y of War and Navy.Henry Knox of 

.Mass. 

Att’y General.Edmund Randolph of Va. 

Speaker, House of Representatives ... 

.Frederick A. Muhlenberg of Va. 


;s of the United States. 

Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 


Presid-nt..George Washington 

Vice-President.John Adams 

Sec’y of State.Thomas Jefferson of Va. 

Sec’y of Treas .;... .Alex. Hamilton of N. Y. 


Sec’y of War and Navy.Henry Knox of 

. i ...Mass. 

Att’y General.Edmund Randolph of Va. 

Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.Jonathan Trumbull of Conn. 












































































Events During First and Second Congress. 25 


Important Events During the First Congress. 


1789—April 6. Congress opened its first 
session in New York. 

1789—Departments of State,War, Treas¬ 
ury and Postal Service Estab¬ 
lished 

1789— Establishment of the U. S. Su¬ 
preme,Circuit and District Courts. 

1790— The State war debts (825,000,000) 
assumed by the general govern¬ 
ment. 

1790—The public funds advanced above 
par and general prosperity pre¬ 
vailed. 


1 1790—Dist. of Columbia accepted for 
the United States capital, but 
Philadelphia was made the capi¬ 
tal till 1800. 

1790—The first census of the United 
States, 3,929,827 persons, exclud¬ 
ing Indians.—The count included 
700,000 slaves. 

1790—Naturalization law passed. 

1790—April 15.*First U. S. Patent-Right 
law. 


Important Events During the Second Congress. 


1791—Bank of U. S. established at Phil¬ 
adelphia; capital, 810.000,000. 

1791—George Hammond first minister 
from Great Britain to the United 
States. 

1791— Sept. 9. The site selected as the 
future capital of the U. S., named 
Washington. 

1792— Apr. 1. American manufactures 


first allowed in Great Britain by 
that government. 

1792—A rate of six cents fixed on all let¬ 
ters carried 30 miles or less, and 
twenty-five cents for 450 miles or 
more. 

1792—Establishment of the National 
Mint at Philadelphia. 


1789. First Temperance Movement in the United States, of a 
public character, was made this year in Litchfield, Conn., where two 
hundred farmers agreed not to use any distilled liquor in doing their 
“farm work during the ensuing season.” 

1790. Consideration of Slavery. Petitions having come in, 
Congress voted that it could not prohibit the importation of slaves be¬ 
fore 1808, and could not emancipate them at any time, the power to 
do this being vested in the individual States. 

1791. Whisky Rebellion. The excise law, passed by Congress 
March 3, was a tax placed upon the manufacture of spirits. It raised 
the price and hence was unpopular with the drinker, the dealer, the 
manufacturer, and the farmer, who found his sales of grain to the 
manufacturer lessened. Great opposition to the law was manifested 
in western Pennsylvania, principally by the farming element, and a 
military force was sent out to quell riotous proceedings. The propri¬ 
ety of this tax became a political question. The law was repealed in 
1802, when the Anti-Federalists came into power. The tax was levied 
again in 1812, for the purpose of revenue, was repealed in 1815, and 
not levied again until July 1, 1862. Since that time the law has been 
in force, the tax, between 1864 and 1868, ranging from $1.50 to $2.00 
per gallon. 

1791. Bourbons, a name derived from the characteristics of the 
kings of the House of Bourbon, who ruled over France from 1589 
down to the revolution in 1791, their peculiarity being a blind faith 
in the political doctrines of the past. Those Democrats in the 





26 


Bank of the United States. 


United States who, during the war of the rebellion and afterwards, 
maintained that the emancipation of the slaves, the'financial policy of 
the government, the reconstruction laws, etc., were unconstitutional, 
were called Bourbons. 

1791. Anti-Federalists, a party who were opposed to the 
constitution of the United States, or the Federal constitution, being 
unwilling to take certain great power from the States and give them 
to the general government. Were jealous of the power of Congress, 
fearing a monarchy might be established. Were strongly in favor 
of State rights and local self-government. They became the Repub¬ 
lican party in 1796, afterwards the Democratic. 

1791. Feb. Bank of the United States. Congress passed an 
act to establish a United States Bank, with a capital of $10,000,000, 
of which the government supplied $2,000,000. Its charter was to run 
for twenty years.The act was recommended by Alexander Hamilton, 
Secretary of the Treasury. It was a private bank for individual profit, 
the government having certain privileges in consideration of subscrib¬ 
ing $2,000,000. 

1791. Dec. 15. Amendments to Constitution. The first ten 
amendments to the constitution were passed to satisfy Anti-Fed¬ 
eralists, and helped to bring into the government the States of 
North Carolina and Rhode Island, which had refused to ratify the 
constitution as it first stood, 

1791. Stage Lines of Central New York. A Mr. Beal, after 
carrying the mail on horseback from Albany to Canajoharie once a 
week, started the first mail wagon west of Albany, New York, and 
carried passengers. The experiment proved entirely successful, and 
soon developed into the great stage lines of central New York. 

1792. Letter Postage 25 Cents. The rates on each letter carried 
thirty miles or less were six cents, and on letters carried 450 miles or 
more, twenty-five cents. Newspapers were carried for 100 miles or 
less for one cent, and one cent and a half for a longer distance. 

1792. Uniform Militia System Adopted. The militia system 
of the United States was provided for by an act of Congress, May 8, 
1792, and has changed very little since that time. 

1792. Oct. 13. President’s Home in Washington. The corner 
stone was laid October 13, 1792, and the building was designed by James 
Hoban, after the country house of the Duke of Leinster, England. It is 
built of porous Virginia freestone. 

1792. Democrat—Republican. This party, first known as 
Republican, then as Democratic-Republican,and since as Democratic, 
was formed out of the Anti-Federalists and had for its purpose direct 
popular control of the government, widening of the right of suffrage, 
the limitation of the powers of foreign government, and the protect¬ 
ing of the powers given to the State governments by the constitution. 



When States Were Settled, Population, etc. 27 


1792 . The United States. Up to this date fifteen States had 
been admitted into the Union. Subsequently they grew to be as found 
below, forty-four States and five Territories, the population, capitals, 
etc., of which are seen in the following table: 


Year 

STATES AND 

Area in 

Pop’lation 

No. to 

Admit’d 

to the 

CAPITAL OF THE 

In Congress, 


TERRITORIES. 



. 1*11 iu. 

Union. 

STATE. 

Sena’s | Rep* g 


1711 

1799 

Alabama. 

Alaska § __ 

..52,250.. 1,508,073 
.557,390.30,329. 

.29.5. .1814.. Montgomery .. 

..2. 


1540 

Arizona §. 

.113,020.59,691 




1685 

Arkansas . 

. .53,850. .1,225,385, 

.21.2.. 1836..Little Rock. 

..2. 

.6 

1769 

California .... 

.158,360.. 1,204,002. 

.... 7.8.. 3850.. Sacramento. 



1858 

Colorado. 

.103.925... 410,974. 

.... 3.9.. 1876. .Denver. 

. .2. 

. 2 

1633 

Connecticut*. 

...4,990... 745,861. 

.. 149.4.. 1788t.Hartford. 



1627 

Delaware*. .. 

...2 050... 167,871. 

... 81.9.. 1787t. Dover. 

..2. 

. 1 

1634 

Dist. of Col’bia_ 70... 229,796. 

.3,282.8.Washington. 



1565 

Florida. 

. .58,680... 390,435. 

_ 6.6.. 1845. .Tallahassee .... 

.2. 

.2 

1733 

Georgia*. 

..59,475.. 1,834,366. 

... 30.8.. 1788t.Atlanta. 

..2. 

.11 

1811 

Idaho. 

..84.800.... 84 229. 

.... 1.0.. 1890.. Boise City. 

..2. 


1720 

Illinois . 


... 67.4.. 1818. . Springfield . 

..2. 

.22 

1690 

Indiana . 

.36.350..2,189,030. 

... 60.2. . 1816 .. Indianapolis _ 

..2. 



Indian Terri’y §.64,690. .. 119,000. 

.... 1.8 . Tahlequah . 



1833 

Iowa . 

..56,025.. 1,906,729. 

... 34.0.. 1846. . Des Moines . 

..2. 

.... 11 

1850 

Kansas . 

. .82,080.. 1,423,485. 

... 17.3. .1861 . .Topeka . 



1775 

Kentucky . 

..40,400.. 1,855,436. 

... 45.9. . 1792. . Frankfort _ 

..2 

.11 

1699 

Louisiana . 

..48.720..1,116,828. 

... 22.9. . 1812. . Baton Rouge.. 

. 2 . 

.6 

1625 

Maine. 

..33,040... 660,261. 

... 19.9. . 1820. .Augusta . 

..2. 


1634 

Maryland*. ... 

..12,210.. 1,040,431. 

... 85.2.. 17881. Annapolis. 

..2., 


1620 

Massachusetts*. .8,315. .2,233,407. 

.. 268.6.. 1788t.Boston . 

. .2. . 

.13 

1670 

Michigan . 


... 35.4. . 1837. . Lansing . 

..2. 

.12 

1846 

Minnesota . .. 

..83,365.. 1,300,017. 

... 15.6.. 1857..St. Paul . 

..2.. 


1716 

Mississippi ... 

. .46,810.. 1,284,887. 

... 27.4. .1817. .Jackson. 

..2.. 

hy 

1764 

Missouri. 

..69,415..2,677,880. 

... 38.5.. 1821. .Jefferson City.. 

..2 . 

.15 

1861 

Montana . 

.146,080... 131,769. 

.... 1.0.. 1889. . Helena . .. 

..2.. 

.1 

1854 

Nebraska . 

. .76,855. .1,056,793. 

... 13,7. . 1867. . Lincoln . 

.. 2 .. 


1861 

Nevada . 

.110,700.... 44,327. 

. 1864. .Carson City . 

-.2.. 


1623 

N. Hampshire' 

*..9,305... 375,837. 

... 40.3 .. 1788t . Concord . 



1624 

New Jersey*. . 

...7,815. .1,441,017. 

. 184.2.. 1787J.Trenton . 

.2.. 

.8 

1540 

New Mexico. . 

.122,580.. . 144,863. 

.... 1.1 . Santa F6 . 



1614 

New York*. ... 

..49,170..5,981,934. 

.. 121.6..1788t.Albany . 

..2.. 

. 34 

1663 

N. Carolina*. 

. 52,250.. 1,617,340. 

... 30.9.. 1789t.Raleigh . 

. 2 .. 

.9 

1846 

N. Dakota.... 

..70,195... 182,425. 

.... 2.5.. 1889.. Bismarck. 

..2.. 

.1 

1788 

Ohio. 

..41,060..3,666,719. 

... 89.3. .1803. .Columbus. 

..2.. 

_21 

1889 

Oklahoma § ... 

. ..3,183.... 61,071. 




1811 

Oregon . 

..96,039... 312,490. 

.... 3.2..1859..Salem . 

9. 

.2 

1682 

Pennsylvania * 

..45,215.. 5,248,574. 

. 116.1 ,.1787t . Harrisburg .... 

.2.. 

....30 

1636 

Rhode Island* 

...1,250. .. 345,343. 

.. 276.2.. 1790t.Prov’ence & N’p’ 

t.2. . 

.2 

1670 

S. Carolina*. .. 

..30,570.. 1,147,161 . 

... 37.5. . 1788t.Columbia . 

..2.. 

.... 7 

1846 

S. Dakota . 

..76,850... 327,848. 

... . 4.2.. 1889..Pierre. 

.. 2 .. 

.2 

1757 

Tennessee .... 

..42,050.. 1.763,723. 

... 41.9..1796. Nashville.. 

.. 2.. 

....10 

1690 

1847 

Texas. 

Utah§. 

265,780.. 2,232,220. 

, .84,990... 206,495. 

.... 8.3. .1845.. Austin. 

.... 2.4.Salt Lake City... 

... 34.0.. 1791. .Montpelier .. .. 

.. 2 .. 

. ..13 

1725 

Vermont. 

...9,565... 332.205. 

.2.. 

.2 

1607 

Virginia *. 

. 42,450.. 1,648,911. 

... 38.8.. 17881. Richmond. 

..2.. 

....10 

1811 

Washington..., 

..69 180... 349,516. 


.2.. 

.2 

1862 

West Virginia. 

..24,780... 760,448. 

... 30.6.. 1862.. Charleston. 

.2.. 

.4 

1669 

Wisconsin .... 


... 30.0.. 1848.. Madison. 

. 2 .. 

.. ..10 

1858 

Wyoming. 

. .97,890.... 60,589. 


O 

... .1 


*The original 13 States. IDate of adoption of State constitution. §Territory; 
not yet organized as a State. 



































































































28 


Second Presidential Election 


The Candidates in the Second Presidential Campaign, in 1792. 


At the second presidential election 
the candidates were George Washing¬ 
ton, general, planter and surveyor; John 
Adams, lawyer and diplomatist; George 


Clinton, farmer and governor; Thomas 
Jefferson, governor and statesman; 
Aaron Burr, Lieut. Colonel and senator. 
The election resulted as follows: 


Nov. 1792—Second Presidential Election—Washington Again 
Chosen. Federalists Victorious. 


No. of 8t*te« 

and No. of 
Electoral 
Votes- 

Name* of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 

Votes 

Cast for 
President, 

Electoral 

Votes 

Cast for 
Vice-PreC. 

15 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

135 

Elector 1 
Votes. 

Federalists.... | 
Republican.... j 

Geo. Washington. 




. 

and 

John Adams. 



... 132 ... 

... 77 ... 

George Clinton. 




. ... 50 ... 

Thomas Jefferson. 





Aaron Burr. 




. 1 ... 

Not Voting. 




.... 3 . . 

Totals. 

2 Pol. Parties. 


... 15 ... 

None. 

132 

135 


Electoral voters chosen by State 
Legislatures, and not by the people. 

Maryland withheld 2 electoral votes 
and Vermont 1. 

The Democratic (or Anti-Federalist) 
party was now known as“Republicans.” 


Washington elected President, and 
Adams Vice-President. 

Conn., N. J., Pa., Del., Md., Va., S. 
C., N. C., N. Y., R. I.. Ga., Ky., Vt., N. 
H. and Mass, cast their votes for Wash¬ 
ington. 


1793-1795—Third Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate . 


Pres., Vice Pres, and Cabinet Officers , 


No. of Members in Senate.33 

No. of Federalists in Senate.6 

No. of Democrats in Senate.9 

Senators, Politics Unknown.18 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.20 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.110 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.18 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.19 

Representatives, P<d. Unknown, in H....73 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.29 


Sec’y of State. 


President.George Washington 

Vice-President.John Adams 

( Edmund Randolph of Va. 
) Tim. Pickering of Mass. 

of Trea,... j »/ 

Sec'y of War and Navy, j 

( Edmund Randolph of Va. 
Atty. General < William Bradford of Pa. 

( Charles Lee of Va. 

Speaker, House Representatives . 

.. Frederick A. Muhlenberg 


1795-1797—Fourth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate, 


No. of Members in Senate.43 

No. of Federalists in Senate.16 

No. of Democrats in Senate.4 

Senators, Politics Unknown.23 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.25 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.114 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.20 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.23 

Representatives, Politics Unknown.71 

Jfo. of Lawyers in House Rep.38 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 


President . 

Vice-President.... 

Sec’y of State... j 
Sec’y of Treas. 


.George Washington 

.John Adams 

Edmund Randolph of Va. 
Tim. Pickering of Mass. 
..Oliver Wolcott of Conn. 


Sec’y of War and Navy... j J^s^IcHe'S 

Attorney General.Charles Lee of Va. 

Speaker of House Representatives.... 

Jonathan Dayton of N. J. 



































































Seizure of American Vessels. 


29 


Important Events During the Third Congress. 


1793—Feb. 12. Surrender of fugitive 
slaves and criminals required. 

1793—Apr. 22. Proclamation of Neutral¬ 
ity issued, affirming that the U. S. 
would take no part in European 
troubles. 

1793—Erection of the Capitol at Wash¬ 
ington commenced. 

1793—Public debt at the close of Wash¬ 
ington's first term, $80,352,630. 


1794—A treaty of commerce and naviga¬ 
tion was concluded between the 
United States and Great Britain. 

1794—Congress prohibits the African 
slave trade. 

1794— Gen. Wayne’s Indian victory on 
the Maumee, Ohio. 

1795— Ratification of Wayne’s Indian 
Treaty, by which large territory 
is acquired from the Indians. 


Important Events During the Fourth Congress. 


1795—General Wayne made a treaty 
with the Indians at Greenville, 
O., which closed the Indian war, 
and opened the Northwest Terri¬ 
tory to the incoming settlers. 

1795— Establishment of common schools 
recommended throughout New 
York, by\Governor Clinton, and 
$50,000appropriated by New York 
Legislature for the purpose. 

1796— Public debt at close of Washing¬ 
ton’s second term $83,762,172. 

1796—The British surrender their forts 
at Detroit, Niagara and other 


western, points to the U. S. Gov¬ 
ernment. 

1797—Difficulties with France. She in¬ 
sults American minister and flag. 
Intense war feeling aroused. 

1797—Peace commissioners to France 
C. C. Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry 
and John Marshall were sent by 
the administration to France to 
negotiate a settlement of the 
difficulties between the two coun¬ 
tries, but without favorable re¬ 
sult. 


1793 . John Hancock, President Continental Congress. Born at 
Quincy, Mass., January 12, 1737, he graduated from Harvard College 
in 1754 In 1766 he was the representative of Boston in the State 
assembly. After assisting in framing a new constitution for Mas¬ 
sachusetts, he was elected governor, which office he held till his death, 
excepting one term, when he refused it. With Samuel Adams,he was 
called an “arch rebel” by the British ministry, who set a price upon 
their heads. On affixing his signature to the Declaration of Inde¬ 
pendence, he remarked, “The British ministry can read that with¬ 
out spectacles; let them double their reward.” He died at the age of 
56, October 8, 1793. 

1793 . Seizure of American Vessels. Owing to the war spirit 
existing between Great Britain and France, the former issued instruc¬ 
tions to British war vessels and privateers to seize all neutral vessels 
found trading with France or her colonies. American vessels to the 
value of several million dollars were thus seized and captured. In 
May, 1794. John Jav was sent as envoy to the court of England, to 
seek a settlement of the difficulties In November of the same year he 
negotiated a treaty in which it was stipulated that Great Britain 
should make good all losses inflicted by her privateers, and surren¬ 
der certain western posts yet held contrary to stipulation made in the 
treaty by the United States with England in 1783. This treaty was 
ratified by the Senate in June, 1794. 





30 


Laws Relating- to Fugitive Slaves. 


1793 . The Fugitive Slave Law was first entitled, “An act 

respecting fugitives from justice and persons escaping from the ser¬ 
vice of their masters. ” It originated in the senate, passed the house 
of representatives by a vote of 48 to 7, and was approved by President 
Washington, February 12, 1793. The law made it possible to arrest 
fugitive slaves who had escaped from their masters wherever they 
might be found on United States territory. Upon the affidavit or 
oral testimony of the owner or agent making the arrest, before a 
justice, the slave could be returned to the place from which he had 
fled. The last section of the law made the rescue, concealment, or 
the placing of any obstruction in the way of arrest of the slave, an 
offense liable to a fine of $500. Owing to growing anti-slavery sen¬ 
timent, the law became somewhat inoperative. In consequence the 
South threatened secession. In 1850 a compromise was effected 
by the passage of a more stringent law, which imposed a fine on the 
marshal who should refuse to arrest a fugitive. It held him re¬ 
sponsible for the value of the slave, should he escape. It compelled all 
citizens to assist in arresting fugitives, and a fine and imprisonment 
was the penalty for obstructing an arrest or attempting a rescue. The 
testimony of a slave was never to be taken. The fee of the commis¬ 
sioner was ten dollars if the person was adjudged a slave, and only 
five dollars if he was allowed to go free. Under the law the kid¬ 
naping of free blacks became frequent at the North, and many 
cases of inhuman cruelty occurred. Most people in the Northern 
States who had largely espoused the anti-slavery cause rose up in op¬ 
position to the law, which enraged the pro-slavery advocates in the 
South and brought on the rebellion. The endeavor to sustain and ac¬ 
quiesce in the provision of the law killed the Whig party. 

1793 . Abolition of Titles. A number of clubs were organized 
in the United States in 1793, on the same order as the Jacobin clubs 
of Paris, advocating the abolition of the title “Mr.” and adopting the 
title of “Citizen” instead. They were strongly opposed by the ad¬ 
ministration, but existed till after the Whisky Rebellion of 1794, 
which evil Washington publicly accused them of causing. 

1793 . Proclamation of Neutrality. Soon after Washington’s 
second inauguration, Citizen Genet, an envoy from the French Re¬ 
public, tried to secure the aid of the United States in behalf of the 
French, who were involved in a war with Great Britain. Jefferson 
and the Republican party strongly favored this on account of the aid 
France had rendered in the revolutionary struggle, but the Federal¬ 
ists, led by Washington and Hamilton, were opposed to any interfer¬ 
ence and insisted that friendly relations with Great Britain should be 
maintained. Before the end of the month in which Genet arrived, 
Washington issued his famous proclamation of neutrality, which 
policy has ever since been observed. 

1794 . Escape of Alleged Fugitive Slaves. An alleged fugi¬ 
tive slave was arrested in Boston, and while Josiah Quincy was de- 




Origin of the Early Republicans. 


31 


fending him, a bustle took place and in the confusion the colored man 
escaped. Though the master of the slave threatened to sue Mr. 
Quincy for obstructing his agent, he failed to do so. 

1794. An Abolition Convention, composed of delegates from 
all the abolition societies in the country, was held at Philadelphia 
January i, 1794, and presented a memorial to Congress for the sup¬ 
pression of the slave trade. 

1794. March 27. Building of War Ships. On account of 
the Algerian troubles, Congress authorized the construction of six 
frigates, none of them to carry less than thirty-two guns, and building 
on them was to stop if peace was declared. 

1794. May 9. Coast Defenses. A corps of artillerists and en¬ 
gineers was established by Congress for the purpose of constructing 
coast defenses, by which our coast fortifications became very strong in 
1812. 

1795. Aug. 3. Wayne’s Treaty with Indians. General 
Wayne at Greenville, Ohio, closed the Indian war and opened the 
Northwest Territory, by a treaty with the western Indians. 

1795. The Maxwell Code was the first jobprinting done in the 
Northwest Territory, and consisted of laws adopted for the governor 
and judges of the Territory. 

1796. Aristocrats. This was a term applied to the Tories known 
as the British party, and also given to a section of the Federalists by 
the Republicans. 

1796. Sept. 17. Washington’s Farewell Address. In his fare¬ 
well address Washington reviewed what he had done and cautioned 
the people against possible dangers. The address showed plainly 
the strong love he had for his country, and proved the name “Father 
of His Country” was appropriately given. 

1796. Indian Slaves. A number of Pawnee slaves were found 
in Detroit and other places occupied by the French Canadians when 
those places were turned over to the United States. The Pawnees 
were considered an inferior tribe by other Indians, and were sold to 
the French when taken captives. 

1796. Republicans. The party of this name was an outgrowth 
of the Anti-Federalists in 1796. The Anti-Federalists joined with a 
portion of the Federalists, and at the suggestion of Jefferson it became 
known as the Republican party. The Republicans have twice been 
a strong party politic. The original Republicans looked upon the 
Union as a democracy, persons, not States. The modern Republicans 
contemplated the Union as a Republic of itself, believing in its ex¬ 
istence as a national republic. It is worthy of note that the rule of 
each party extended over the space of twenty-four years,—1801-1825 
and 1861-1885. 



32 


Third Presidential Election 


The Candidates in the Third Presidential Campaign, in 1790 . 


At the third presidential election the 
candidates were John Adams, lawyer and 
diplomatist; Thos. Pinckney, general 
and governor; Oliver Ellsworth, jurist 
and statesman;John Jay,jurist and diplo¬ 
matist; James Iredell, jurist and states¬ 
man; George Washington, general, 
planter and surveyor; John Henry, 
statesman and senator; Samuel John¬ 


ston, jurist and governor; Charles C. 
Pinckney, statesman and diplomatist; 
Thomas Jefferson, governor and states¬ 
man; Aaron Burr, lieut.-colonel and 
senator; Samuel Adams, statesman and 
governor; George Clinton, farmer and 
governor. The election resulted as fol¬ 
lows: 


December, 1796—Third Presidential Election—Adams Chosen 

Federalists Victorious. 


No ofStHtr* 
and No of 
BNwtoral 
VotP* 

Nauies of the 
Political Panics in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

bUctoial 

Votes 

Cam f-»r 
President. 

EU torsi 
Votes 

Cast for 
Vice-Pres. 




John Adams . 



...71.... 


16 



and 







Thomas Pinckney. 

...16 







Oliver Ellsworth . 




. . 11 .... 




John Jay . 




....5 _ 


Federalist . ■ 


James Iredell . 




....3 _ 

Lll LI Ht;(] 


Geo. Washington. 








John Henry. 




_ 2 _ 




Samuel Johnston. 




_ 2 .... 




Charles C. Pinckney.... 




_ 1 .... 

Elector’l 


f 

Thomas Jefferson . 




.. .68.... 

Republican. .. . 


Aaron Burr. 




...30 ... 

Votes. 


Samuel Adams . 




15 


, 

George Clinton. 




.... 7 .... 

Totals 

2 Pol. Parties. 




| None 

1 71 

205 


Electoral votes still chosen by State 
Legislatures,and not by the people. 

All the electors voted for two candi¬ 
dates each—a total of 276 votes. 

Adams elected President, and Thos. 


Jefferson Vice-President. 

Va., Tenn., C , Pa , N. C., Ky. and Ga. 
voted for Jefferson; Vt., R. I., N. Y., N. 
J-, N. H., Mass.. Md., Del. and Conn, 
voted for Adams. 


I 797 -I 799 —Fifth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion. 

No. of Members in Senate.45 

No. of Federalists in Senate.11 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 4 

Senators, Politics Unknown.30 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.26 


In House of Representatives. 


No. of Members in House Rep.117 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.20 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.21 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H....76 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.34 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

President.John Adams 

Vice-President.Thomas Jefferson 

Sec. of State \ ^ ic 1 k 1 e, 'i n £ of Mass - 

) John Marshall of Va. 

q p „ 1 Oliver Wolcott of Conn. 

a } Samuel Dexter of Mass. 

Sec of War j James McHenry of Md. 

} Samuel Dexter of Mass. 

See of Naw 5 George Cabot of Mass. 

Benjamin Stoddard of Md. 

Att’y General.....Charles Lee of Va. 

Speaker, House of Representatives ... 

.Jonathan Dayton of N J. 


1799-1801—Sixth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion. 


No. of Members in Senate.38 

No. of Federalists in the Senate.11 

No. of Democrats in the Senate.8 

Senators, Politics Unknown.19 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.21 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.115 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.24 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.28 

No of Whigs in House Rep. 1 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.62 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.42 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers 

President.John Adams 

Vice-President.Thomas Jefferson 

Sec’y of State \ V\ not h y W?* 1 ."?, of Mass - 
) John Marshall of Va. 

Sec’y of Trea ) Oliver Wolcott of Conn. 

( Samuel Dexter of Mass. 
c A „> v n f wnr i James McHenry of Md. 
y } Samuel Dexter of Mass. 


Sec’y of Navy..Benjamin Stoddard of Md 

Att’y General.Charles Lee of Va, 

Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.Theodore Sedgwick of Mass, 








































































Events During Fifth and Sixth Congress. 33 


Important Events During the Fifth Congress. 


1798—The Cabinet Department of the 
Navy established. 

1798—Washington declared Comman- 
der-in-Chief of all the armies. 

1798—The national ode “Hail Colum¬ 
bia” written by Joseph Hopkins 
of Philadelphia. 

1798— A direct tax of $2,000,000 laid on 
the people—first before 1812. 

1799— The gradual abolition of slavery 
in the State of New York provi¬ 
ded for, males to be free at 28 
years, and females at 25. 

1799—The frigate Constellation cap¬ 


tured the French frigate L’ln- 
surgente oft the West Indies, 
French loss, 66 men killed and 
wounded; American loss, one 
killed and three wounded. 

1799—George Washington died at 
Mount Vernon, December 14, 
aged 67. 

1799—Death of Patrick Henry, June 6, 
aged 63. 

1799—Congress enacts Oliver Wolcott’s 
Tariff Bill. 

1799—Passage of the “Alien” and "Sedi¬ 
tion” Laws. 


Important Events During the Sixth Congress, 


1800—Congressional Library estab¬ 
lished. 

1800—The City of Washington, D. C., 
became the permanent capital of 
the United States in June. 

1800—Treaty of Peace with Napoleon. 
Provisional army disbanded May 
13. 

1800- First United States land office 
opened at Chillicothe, O. 

1801— Tripoli declared war upon the 


United States, June 10. 

1801—San Domingo declared an inde¬ 
pendent republic, July 1. 

1801—First written presidential mes¬ 
sage delivered to Congress by 
Thomas Jefferson. 

1801—Transfer of the principal offices 
from Federalsto Republicans. 

1801—Internal taxes abolished and the 
judicial system restored. 


1797 . X. Y. Z. Mission. In October of this year, Charles C. 
Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, went to France to ar¬ 
range a settlement of existing difficulties, but the French government 
refused to receive them, unless large sums of money were first paid to 
the French officers, letters to this effect being written over the sig¬ 
nature X. Y. Z., from which the mission received its name. It was 
in connection with this that Mr. Pinckney made his reply which has 
since become famous, “Millions for defense, but not one cent for trib¬ 
ute.” 

1798 . Alien and Sedition Laws. These were framed by Con¬ 
gress about this time The first law in relation to aliens made it pos¬ 
sible for the President to arrest any foreigner and send him out of the 
country. The latter law, concerning sedition, subjected to a heavy 
fine and imprisonment any person who might be found aiding or abet¬ 
ting any resistance to the government of the United States. These 
laws were very unpopular, drew down much scorn on the administra¬ 
tion, and resulted in the final defeat of the Federalists and the death 
of that political organization. The claim was that the party had vio¬ 
lated the first amendment of the constitution, which prohibited any 
abridgement of the freedom of speech or press. 

1798 . Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. These were the first 
to advance the idea of nullification or secession. Beginning with the 
old Republicans under the leadership of Jefferson and Madison and 





34 


Sketch of Patrick Henry. 


though directly protesting against the Alien and Sedition and Natural¬ 
ization laws of Congress, they did not lose sight of the slavery ques¬ 
tion, which they secretly favored though they did not openly advocate. 

1799 . June 6. Patrick Henry. A very prominent character in 
moulding the destinies of the nation was Patrick Henry, who was born 
May 29, 1736, and died at the above date, when sixty-three years of 
age. After receiving a common school education, and passing some 
time in commercial and agricultural pursuits, he studied law for six 
weeks and then began to practice it in the courts. For several years 
he struggled with poverty, without acquiring either fame or a profit¬ 
able business as an attorney; but in 1763, by his adroit management 
of a case involving the income of the clergy, in which he opposed the 
claims of the latter, he obtained distinction and made the question one 
of importance in the politics of the colonies. In 1765 he was elected 
a member of the Virginia legislature, in which he boldly opposed the 
British "stamp-act,” and had the honor of beginning the opposition 
to the measures of the ‘ mother country’' which terminated in the 
Am irican revolution. He was also one of the delegates sent from 
Virginia to the first general congress of the colonies at Philadelphia, 
in 1774, and still further distinguished himself by the boldness and 
eloquence of his speeches in that assembly. In the spring of 1775, 
in a convention at Richmond, Va., Mr. Henry moved that the militia 
be organized and the colony be immediately put in a state of defense. 
His motion was looked upon as warlike, and opposed as too precipi¬ 
tate and ill-advised. It was then that Henry immortalized his name 
by exclaiming: "There is no retreat but in submission and slavery. 
Our chains are forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of 
Boston. The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our 
ears the clash of resounding arms! ... I know not what course 
others may take; but as for me—give me liberty, or give me death!” 
In 1776 he was appointed the first governor of Virginia, and to this 
office he was repeatedly re-elected. In 1786 he was appointed by the 
Virginia legislature one of the delegates to the convention at Philadel¬ 
phia, called to revise the federal constitution. In 1788 he was a mem¬ 
ber of the convention which met in Virginia to consider the constitu¬ 
tion of the United States, and strenuously opposed it because it too 
little recognized State rights and was not sufficiently democratic. In 
1794 he retired from the practice of the law. His death occurred at 
Red Hill, Va., in 1799. "Without extensive information upon polit¬ 
ical or legal topics, ” says one biographer, "he was a natural orator 
of the highest order, possessing great powers of imagination, sarcasm, 
and humor, united with great force and energy of manner, and a deep 
knowledge of human nature. ” 

1799 . Nov. 14 . Nullification. Kentucky passed resolutions 
affirming that a State may nullify and declare void any act of Congress 
which it thinks unconstitutional. This was the basis of the "State 
Rights” doctrine, which finally led to secession. 



Principal Events in Washington's Life. 35 


1799. Dec. 14. George Washington. A political history of the 
country would be very incomplete that did not make considerably full 
mention of the persons who were closely identified with the welfare of 
our nation in its beginning. One of the most prominent was he whose 
name heads this sketch. 

On February 22, 1732, George Washington was born at Bridge’s 
Creek, in Westmoreland County,Va. Died December 14, 1799. After 
obtaining at an ordinary school a knowledge of reading, writing and 
arithmetic, he commenced at the age of fourteen the study of geometry 
and surveying, in which he progressed rapidly, and entered upon the 
profession of surveying when sixteen years of age. When the dispute 
occurred between the English and French as to the ownership of the 
North American continent, the French were entrenched on the St. 
Lawrence and at the mouth of the Mississippi, and the English were 
in possession of the region bordering on the Atlantic coast. In view 
of the probability of a rupture between the two countries, the colonial 
country was divided into districts,and Washington, then nineteen years 
of age, was made an adjutant with the rank of major. Soon after¬ 
wards the threatening attitude of the French caused Gov. Dinwid¬ 
dle to dispatch a messenger to confer with the French as to their inten¬ 
tions. Washington was selected for the work, and, though the journey 
was over 500 miles in mid-win ter through a trackless wilderness, and 
fraught with danger from the Indians, he performed it successfully. 
He learned that the French intended to resist the extension of English 
occupation towards the Ohio. It was resolved to take action against 
the French, and Washington was made Lieutenant Colonel and sta¬ 
tioned where Pittsburg, Pa., now stands. He was in the royal service 
five years, and commanded the troops in various battles. In January, 
1759, he married Mrs. Martha Custis, and in the meantime, the French 
being expelled from the valley, he resigned his commission and retired 
to Mount Vei’non. The following sixteen years were occupied chiefly 
by his private business. When the colonists resolved to separate from 
the mother country, Washington, then forty-three years of age, was 
given the command of the army. During the eight years’ war that 
followed, he fought with varying success the English generals, Howe, 
Clinton, Burgoyne and Cornwallis, finally surrounding Cornwallis at 
Yorktown, where Washington compelled his surrender. Resigning his 
commission at the close of the war, he returned again to Mount Vernon. 
He was elected the first President of the United States, and inaugura¬ 
ted March 30, 1789. At that time the seat of government was at New 
York, where it remained for eleven years, being removed to Washing¬ 
ton in 1800. During the first and second years of his presidential ad¬ 
ministration, he made a tour through the eastern and southern States 
in his own carriage, his journey throughout being one continual 
ovation. 

While riding in his saddle about his estate on the 12th of December, 
1799, he contracted a cold, from the effects of which he died two days 
later. His remains are entombed at Mount Vernon. 



36 


Fourth Presidential Election 


The Candidates in the Fourth Presidential Campaign, in 1800. 


At the fourth presidential election 
the candidates were Thomas Jefferson, 
governor and statesman; Aaron Burr, 
lieut.-colonel and senator; John Adams, 


lawyer and diplomatist; Charles Pinck¬ 
ney, statesman and diplomatist; John 
Jay, jurist and diplomatist. The elec¬ 
tion resulted as follows: 


Nov. 1800—Fourth Presidential Election—Jefferson Chosen. 

Republicans Victorious. 


No. of States 
and No. of 
Elector at 

Vo toe. 

Name* of the 
Political Parties in 
the Content. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

V' ote. 

Electoral 

Voles 

Cast for 
President, 

Sectoral 

Vo 9 H 

Cast for 
Vice-Pro . 

16 

V 

Thomas Jefferson. 





States, 

Republican.... 1 

and 

... 16 ... 




( 

Aaron Burr. 





to 

( 

John Adams. 





138 

Federalists.... j 

and 

Chas. C. Pinckney. 





Votes. 

1 

and 

John Jav. 




.1 .. 

Totals. 

2 Pol. Parties. | 


16 | 

None. 

73 

203 


A tie between Jefferson and Burr led 
to a close contest in Congress; but on 
the 17th of February, 1801, on the 36th 
ballot, Thos. Jefferson was elected 
President and Aaron Burr Vice-Presi¬ 
dent. 


Conn., N. J., Pa., Del., Md., Va., S. 
C , N. C., R. I., Ga„ Ky., Tenn., N.Y., 
Vt., N. H. and Mass, voted for Jeffer¬ 
son. 


1801-1803—Seventh Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers, 


No. of Members in Senate.38 

No. of Federalists in Senate.8 

N •. of Democrats in Senate.14 

Senators, Politics Unknown.10 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.24 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.113 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.12 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.33 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H....67 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.25 

No. of Whigs in House Rep... 1 


President. 

Vice-President.. 
Sec’y of State.. 
Sec’y of T reas... 
Sec’y of War .... 

Sec’y of Navy.. j 
Atty. General.. 


.Thomas Jeft'erson 

.Aaron Burr 

.James Madison of Va. 

.Albert Gallatin of Pa. 

.Henry Dearborn of Mass. 
Benj Stoddard of Md. 
Robert Smith of Md. 
.Levi Lincoln. 


Speaker, House Representatives. 

... Nathaniel Macon of N. C. 


1803-1805—Eighth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.43 

No. of Federalists in Senate. 6 

No. of Democrats in Senate.24 

Senators, Politics Unknown.13 

N o. of Lawyers in Senate.20 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.150 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.IB 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.45 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.. 1 

Representatives, Politics Unknown.88 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep...30 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 


President. 

Vice-President. 
Sec’y of State. 
Sec’y of Treas. 
Sec’y of War... 

Sec’y of Navy 
Att’y Generals 


.Thomas Jefferson 

.Aaron Burr 

.James Madison of Va. 

.Albert Gallatin of Pa. 

...Henry Dearborn of Mass, 
t Robert Smith of Md. 
i Jacob Crowninshield. 

1 Levi Lincoln of Mass. 

( Robert Smith of Md. 


Speaker, House Representatives. 

.Nathaniel Macon of N. C. 






































































Events During Seventh and Eighth Congress. 37 


Important Events During the Seventh Congress. 


1802—West Point Military Academy 
founded by the government. 

1802—The Louisiana Purchase included 
the whole immense territory en¬ 
closed by the Mississippi River, 
the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of 


Mexico and the British Posses¬ 
sions on the north. This entire 
tract, comprising nearly 900,000 
square miles, was bought of 
France, for $15,000,000. 


Important Events During the Eighth Congress. 


1803— Slavery was abolished in Canada, 

1804— The gradual abolition of slavery 
in New Jersey was provided for 
by State laws. 

1804—Humboldt explored the Island of 
Cuba, remaining there two 
months. 

1804—War against the pirates. Ameri¬ 
can commerce had suffered 
heavily from pirates on the Bar¬ 
bary Coast; a naval expedition 
was sent to make reprisal and 
Tripoli was bombarded. 

1804—Lewis and Clarke’s exploring 
expedition to the Columbia River. 


1804—Alexander Hamilton was killed 
in a duel at Weehawken, N. J., 
by Aaron Burr, July 11. 

1804—Fort Dearborn, Chicago, Ill., was 
built by the government. 

1804— The first attempt at fish culture 
in the United States was made in 
South Carolina. 

1805— A treaty of peace between the 
United States and Tripoli was 
consummated June 3. 

1805—Great Britain renews her insults 
and aggressions. 


1800. Feb. 22 . Washington’s Birthday. In accord with the 
recommendation of Congress, Washington’s birthday was generally 
observed throughout the country as an anniversary. This was the 
first time after his death. 

1800. May 21. House Tax Amnesty. A general pardon by 
President Adams was extended to all those who had participated in 
the House Tax Insurrection in 1799. 

1800. First Temperance Pledge. Micajah Pendleton, of Nelson 
County, Va., circulated the first temperance pledge, it is claimed, in 
the United States, his first signature being obtained in his own family. 
Through his influence other families were induced to sign. 

1800. Bill of 1800. Was introduced in that year by Senator 
James Ross of Pa., to regulate the electoral count. The bill provided 
for a “grand committee” of six senators, six representatives,and the 
chief justice, who were to settle all disputes regarding electoral votes. 
Several amendments were made, but the bill was lost. The presi¬ 
dent of the senate is the one assigned by the constitution to count the 
electoral votes, and this was the first open attempt of Congress to 
perform that duty. 

1800. The Northwest Territory at this time was divided, and 
that portion of it included in the present States of Indiana. Illinois, 
Wisconsin, and a part of Michigan, was given a separate organization 
under the name of Indiana Territory. The Mississippi Territory, 
composing the present States of Alabama and Mississippi, was organ¬ 
ized in the same year. 





38 Declaration of Republican Principles. 


1800. Overthrow of the Federalists. The presidential campaign 
in the fall of this year was contested with much warmth and bitterness. 
Adams was renominated by the Federalist party, and Jefferson was 
the candidate of the Republicans, or Democrats. Jefferson was elected, 
and the Federalists, who had thus far controlled the government, went 
out of power. 

1800. Slave Trade Prohibited. During the seventh Congress 
the first law relating to the slave trade was passed, preventing the im¬ 
portation of negroes or mulattoes into any State which had previously 
prohibited by law the admission of such. The penalty was one thousand 
dollars and the forfeiture of the vessel. 


1800. Uniform System of Naturalization. The seventh session 
of Congress modified the act of 1798, thereby making the required res¬ 
idence of aliens five years instead of fourteen. 

1800. Public Debt. During the seventh Congress President Jef¬ 
ferson recommended the establishment of the first sinking fund for the 
redemption of the public debt, which was done, and seven million 
three hundred thousand dollars was ordered set apart yearly for that 
purpose. 

1800. Republican Platform. The first declaration of principles 
ever issued by a political party, assembled in the United States for 
the purpose of selecting a presidential nominee, was formulated in the 
convention held at Philadelphia, Thomas Jefferson at that time being 
nominated for President of the United States. The distinctive planks 
in the platform called for the following: 


Preservation of the Federal Union; op¬ 
position to monarchy; frugal adminis¬ 
tration of the government; reliance for 
defense on the militia until actual inva¬ 
sion; opposition to a standing army; 


free commerce with all nations, polit¬ 
ical connection with none; freedom of 
religion, freedom of speech and of the 
press, and libefal naturalization laws. 


1800. The Clintonians originated in 1800 with DeWitt Clinton 
as leader, and at his death in 1828 the organization ceased. 

1801. June 14. Benedict Arnold. Died in obscurity in Lon¬ 
don, sixty-one years of age. At the commencement of the Revolution 
he joined Washington with a volunteer company, and undertook a 
march into Canada which ended disastrously. Becoming dissatisfied, 
he turned traitor and became prominent on account of the property he 
destroyed and the lives he took without mercy. At the time 
Andre was captured he escaped to a British vessel, and after the war 
resided in England. 

1801. June. Political Removal. The reipoval of the collector 
of the port of New Haven, Conn., because he was-a Federalist, and the 
appointment of a Democrat-Republican to fill the place, was the 
first political change of the kind. Mr. Jefferson, in referring to it, 
suggested the doctrine which has since come into practice, and which 
was expressed in words by Wm. L. Marcy: "To the victors belong 
the spoils. ” 






Sketch of Alexander Hamilton. 


39 


1802 . Petition to Continue Slavery. The citizens of Indiana 
petitioned Congress to suspend the prohibition of slavery in the Ter¬ 
ritories until the labor of the region could be built up. The request 
was refused. 

1803 . March. Impeachment Trial. Jndge Pickering, of the 
district court of the United States for New Hampshire, was impeached 
for drunkenness and dismissed from office. 

1803 . April 30 . The Purchase of Louisiana. The purchase 
of this territory was one of the most important transactions which 
ever took place in the history of the country. It included all the vast 
domain west of the Mississippi River, except Texas and the Mexican 
possessions. Napoleon had secured a cession of the territory from 
Spain to France. Occupied by continual wars at home, he soon saw 
the difficulty of maintaining a province at so great a distance. And 
furthermore, he was in need of money. He therefore offered to sell 

his territory, and Jefferson was on the alert to secure such a valuable 
prize. Napoleon said at the time of the sale: “I have just given 
England a maritime rival that will, sooner or later, humble her 
pride. ” 

1804 . Alexander Hamilton. Born January ii, 1757. Died 
July 12, 1804. Hamilton was one of the most prominent of the poli¬ 
ticians during the period of the founding of the United States govern¬ 
ment, being conspicuous as a statesman and financier. Was of 
French descent, and was born on the island of Nevis, in the West 
Indies. Had a fair education, was a clerk in a mercantile house at 
twelve, and coming to the United States, entered Columbia College, 
in New York, at the age of sixteen. While yet in college, he made a 
speech in 1774, that attracted especial attention to his remarkable gifts. 
He soon after began writing for the press, and became the confidential 
secretary of Washington. Was a member of the Continental Congress, 
and after the war studied law and entered upon its practice. Rapidly 
rose in his profession. Was a member of the convention that formed 
the Federal constitution, and did much towards securing its adoption 
by the different States through a series of articles entitled “The Fed¬ 
eralist. ” Was made Secretary of the Treasury in the first Congress, 
and retained this office up to the third Congress. Aaron Burr, having 
become indignant at Hamilton’s non-support, when Burr was a can¬ 
didate for the presidency, challenged Hamilton to a duel, the result 
being Hamilton’s death. Burr afterwards went into political obscurity 
and, in destitute circumstances, died in New York City in 1836. 

1804 . Agricultural Exhibition. The farmers met this year at 
Washington, D. 0 ., and exhibited their best horticultural, floral and 
agricultural productions. This was claimed to be the first fair of the 
kind in the United States. In subsequent years increased interest in 
agricultural fairs was brought about by the giving of premiums. 

1804 . The Middlesex Canal. A twenty-seven mile waterway, 
connecting Boston harbor with the Concord River, was opened. 



4o 


Fifth Presidential Election 


The Candidates in the Fifth Presidential Campaign, in 1804. 


At the fifth presidential election the 
candidates were Thomas Jefferson, 
governor and statesman; George Clin¬ 
ton, farmer and governor; Charles C. 


Pinckney, statesman and diplomatist; 
Rufus King, statesman and diplomatist. 
The election resulted as follows: 


November, 1804—Fifth Presidential Election—Jefferson Again 
Chosen. Republicans Victorious. 


No. of States 
and No of 
Electoral 

Vote*. 

Names of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 

Votes 

C«n f«r 

Pi evident. 

Ele« torsi 

V 0%“8 

Cast for 
Vice Pre*. 

17 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

176 

Elector’1 
Votes. 


Thomas Jefferson. 

...15 .. 


. .162... 


Republican.... < 

and 

■George Clinton. 




... 162 .. 

( 

Charles C. Pinckney.... 

O 


...14... 


Federalist.< 

and 

Rufus King. 



.. -.14... 


Totals. | 2 Pol. Parties. |. | 17 | None. | 176 | 176 


Jefferson elected President, and N. J., Pa., Va., S.C., N. C., R. I.,Ga., 
Clinton Vice-President. Ky., Tenn., N. Y.,Ohio, Vt., N .H., Md. 

and Mass, voted for Jefferson, and 
Conn, and Del. voted for Pinckney. 


1805-1807—Ninth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion in Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.37 

No. of Federalists in Senate. 5 

No. of Democrats in Senate.19 

Senators, Politics Unknown.13 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.15 


In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.151 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.17 

No. of Democrats in Home Rep.50 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H....83 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 1 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.31 


Pres., Vice Pres and Cabinet Officers. 


President. Thomas Jefferson 

Vice-President..!.. George Clinton of N. Y. 

Sec’y of State.James Madison of Va. 

Sec’y of Treas-Albert Gallatin of Pa. 

Sec’y of War.Henry Dearborn of Mass. 

Sec’y of Navy.Jacob Crowninshield 


( Robert Smith of Md. 

Att’y Generals < John Breeken ridge of Ky. 

( Caesar A. Rodney of Del. 
Speaker, House of Representatives ... 
.Nathaniel Macon of N. C. 


1807-1809—Tenth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion in Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.38 

No. of Federalists in the Senate.6 

No. of Democrats in the Senate. 17 

Senators, Politics Unknown.15 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.13 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.153 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.21 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.55 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in II.77 

No, of Lawyers ia House Rep.34 


Pres., Vice-Pres, and Cabinet Officers. 

President.Thomas Jefferson 

Vice-President.Aaron Burr 

Sec’y of State.James Madison of Va. 

Sec’y of Treas.Albert Gallatin of Pa. 

Sec’y of War.Henry Dearborn of Mass. 

Sec’y of Navy. Jacob Crowninshield of Mass. 

Att’y General.Robert Smith of Md. 

Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.Joseph B. Varnum. 


































































Events During Ninth and Tenth Congress. 4 i 


Important Events During the Ninth Congress. 


1805—A torpedo, for war purposes, was 
devised by Robert Fulton. 

1805— Lewis and Clarke, who made the 
first exploring expedition to the 
Pacific coast, reached the mouth 
of the Columbia River,in Oregon, 
Nov. 15. 

1806— The United States forbade the 
importation of British manufac¬ 
tures, April 18. 

1806—“Shakespeare Lodge”of Odd Fel¬ 
lows was established in New 
York City. 

1806—Congress passed a law to prevent 
dueling in the army. 

1806—American commerce suffers from 
British orders and Berlin decrees. 


1807—Aaron Burr was placed on trial 
for alleged treasonable designs 
against the government, but the 
case was afterwards dismissed. 

1307—Both England and the United 
States abolished all laws favoring 
the importation of slaves into 
their respective countries. 

1807—England insists upon the “right 
of search,” and America protests 
against the so-called right. 

1807—British attack on United States 
frigate Chesapeake, June 22. 

1807—The President orders the depar¬ 
ture of all British vessels and lays 
an embargo on United States 
ships, July 2. 

1807—Congress meets in extra session, 
and the people prepare for war. 


Important Events During the Tenth Congress. 


1807—In consequence of an unprovoked 
attack upon the frigate Chesa¬ 
peake by a British war-vessel on 
June 22, the United States 
ordered all English sailing-craft 
to leave American ports and 
waters, July 2. 

1807—Congress prohibited the depar¬ 
ture from American ports of 
vessels bound for foreign coun¬ 
tries, December 27. American 
commerce suffered severely from 
this embargo. 

1807—First newspaper issued in New¬ 
foundland. 


1808—The first temperance society in 
America organized at Moreau, 
Saratoga Co., N. Y. 

1808— First printing press west of the 
Mississippi River set up at St. 
Louis, Mo. 

1809— Death of Thomas Paine, the 
American patriot, aged 72. 

1809—Motto of the period, “Free Trade 
and Sailors’ Rights.” 

1809—America still suffers from the 
war between France and England. 


1804 . Communism. One of the first co-operative societies in 
the United States was established in the village of Harmony, Butler 
County, Penn., known as the Harmony Society, to live and work as 
a business community. The result was rapidly increased numbers, 
extensive cultivation of the soil, and the founding of manufactories of 
different kinds, among them being some for the making of broadcloth. 

1805 . Republicans Cease to Exist in Name From the ninth 
Congress the Jeffersonian Republicans called themselves Democrats, 
and the word Republican passed into disuse until, more recently, it 
was revived and became the name of the political party which was in 
power at the opening of the Rebellion. 

1805 . Republicans Change Name to Democrats. In their earlier 
political action their opponents had charged them with an inclination 
to go to the extreme, even to “ mob rule.” in their desire to carry out 
the principles of Democracy. Lest this belief should become too gen¬ 
eral, the party had strenuously rejected the name which Jefferson,the 
father of their party, had ever shown a fondness for. The earlier 





42 Exploration of the Northwest Territory. 


dangers which had threatened their organization being over, and suc¬ 
cess in later time having perched upon their banners, they considered 
themselves sufficiently strong to assume the name that had been used 
in derision, and henceforth they proclaimed themselves Democrats. 

1805. Michigan Territory Organized. Michigan Territory was 
organized from a part of the Northwestern Territory. 

1805. General William Moultrie died at the age of seventy-four 
years. He distinguished himself during the Revolution by defending 
Fort Moultrie, contrary to the advice of his friends, against a severe 
attack of the enemy with nearly 200 cannon, while he had but thirty- 
one. 

1805. Lewis and Clarke’s Exploration. Under the authority 
of the government Captains Lewis and Clarke began the exploration 
of the vast western territorial possessions of the United States. With 
a company of five men they explored the Missouri River to its source, 
crossed the Rocky Mountains, passed down the Columbia to the Pa¬ 
cific Ocean, and then retraced their steps across the continent, bringing 
the first real knowledge of the natural features and resources of this 
vast domain. The journey of over 6,000 miles occupied more than 
two years. 

1805. American Vessels Seized. During this year several Amer¬ 
ican vessels were seized and condemned, with their cargoes, by .the 
British, for alleged violation of the neutrality laws. 

1806. Lewis and Clarke Returning. Having reached their des¬ 
tination, they began their homeward journey up the Columbia River. 

1806. National Road. A road from Cumberland, Md., to the 
State of Ohio, was provided for by Congress, being the first great in¬ 
ternal improvement where public money was used. Portions of the 
road are still used, though railroads have overcome the necessity for 
the greater part of it. 

1806. Alleged Conspiracy of Burr. Branded by the public as the 
murderer of Alexander Hamilton, at the close of his term of office 
Burr withdrew to the west, and after traveling through the Missis¬ 
sippi valley, made his home with an Irish exile named Blannerhas- 
sett, on an island in the Ohio River, below Muskingum. Here he 
formed a plan to set up an independent government from the South¬ 
western Territory. He was arrested for this conspiracy, was tried at 
Richmond, Va., but from lack of sufficient proof, he was discharged. 
He then disappeared from public life, and finally died in New York 
in extreme poverty, 

1807. The Embargo Act. England, in her efforts to cripple 
France, issued an “Order in Council,” forbidding all trade with 
France or her allies. This was followed by a decree from Napoleon, 
forbidding all trade with England or her colonies. These acts almost 
annihilated American commerce. In a spirit of retaliation Congress, 
jn December, 1807 , passed the Embargo Act, by which all ves- 

4 




Origin of “Uncle Sam.” 


43 


sels were forbidden to leave the United States. The design of this act 
was to compel a recognition of American neutral rights. It failed, 
however, of its purpose, and proved disastrous to the mercantile in¬ 
terests of the country, causing its repeal March i, 1809 . 

1810. The Gerrymander. Elbridge Gerry was elected governor 
of Massachusetts in 1810 , by the Anti-Federalists, after an exciting 
campaign. They also secured a majority in both houses of the legisla¬ 
ture, and to keep this majority in the future they changed the sena¬ 
torial districts and divided counties so as to secure an Anti-Federalist 
majority, even though the counties were strongly Federal in senti¬ 
ment. In Essex County the arrangement was particularly absurd, and 
the Boston Sentinel strongly opposed it. To show plainly how the 
county had been changed, a map was taken and the selected towns 
colored. When Gilbert Stuart, the noted painter, saw the map in the 
editorial room of the Boston Sentinel, he took his pencil and in a short 
time, by adding on wings, claws, tail and head, he had the county 
transformed into an extraordinary-looking animal, and remarked, 

‘ ‘That will do for a Salamander. ” Mr. Russell, the editor, exclaimed, 
“Salamander? Call it Gerrymander.” 

1812. March. Henry Documents. Certain documents in the hands 
of one John Henry, who claimed to have been sent from Canada to urge 
New Englanders to renounce the United States government, were pur¬ 
chased from hi in by President Madison for $ 50 , 000 . The British 
minister disclaimed them, but Congress considered them reliable. 


1812. Uncle Sam. Elbert Anderson, a United States contractor, 
purchased some supplies at Troy, N. Y., which were examined by two 
brothers, Ebenezer and Samuel Wilson, the latter being always referred 
to among his fellow-laborers as “Uncle Sam.” The goods bought 
by Elbert Anderson were all marked “E. A.—U. S ,” which letters a 
workman remarked stood for “Elbert Anderson and Uncle Sam,’’and 
the latter term was soon applied to the United States. 


1812. Clintonian Platform. The Republicans followed the 
Congressional plan of nomination this year; but the Federalists held 
a representative convention at New York, at which eleven States were 
represented. In their platform was the following enunciation of prin¬ 


ciples: 

Opposition to nominations of chief 
magistrates by congressional caucuses. 

Opposition to all efforts on the part 
of particular States to monopolize the 
principal offices of the government,and 
particular opposition to continuing a 
citizen of Virginia in the executive of¬ 
fice another term. 

Opposition to continuing public men 
for long periods in offices of delicate 
trust and weighty responsibility. 


Opposition to the lingering inade¬ 
quacy of preparations for the war with 
Great Britain, now about to ensue. 

For placing the country in a condi¬ 
tion for aggressive action for the con¬ 
quest of the British-American prov¬ 
inces. 

Advocacy of the election of DeWitt 
Clinton as the surest method of reliev¬ 
ing the country from all the evils exist¬ 
ing and prospective. 




44 


Sixth Presidential Election 


The Candidates in the Sixth Presidential Campaign, in 1808. 


At the sixth presidential election the 
candidates were James Madison, cabi¬ 
net officer; George Clinton, farmer and 
governor; John Langdon, governor and 
senator; James Monroe, senator and 


governor; Charles C.Pinckney, states¬ 
man and diplomatist; Rufus King, 
senator and diplomatist. The election 
resulted as follows: 


Nov. 1808—Sixth Presidential Election—Madison Chosen. 

Republicans Victorious. 


No. of States 
and No. of 
Electoral 
Vote*. 

Names of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoi al 

YnthS 

Cast for 
President. 

Electoral 

Votes 

Cnst for 
Vice-Pros. 


( 

lames Madison. 

..12,... 



. 3 . 

17 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

176 


and 

George Clinton. 





Republican.... •{ 

John Langdon. 





l 

and 

James Monroe. 





Elector’l 

y 

Chas. C. Pinckney. 





Votes. 

Federalist.j 

and 

Rufus King. 





Totals. 

2 Pol. Parties. | 

.| 

17 

None. 

175 

175 



Madison elected President; Clinton 
elected Vice-President. 

Madison had the votes of Vt., N. Y., 
N. J., Pa., Md., Va„ N. C., S. C., Ga., 


I<y., Tenn. and Ohio; Pinckney those of 
Conn., Del., N. H., R. I. and Mass. 
Votes not cast, 1. 


1809-1811—Eleventh Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate, 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 


No. of Members in Senate.45 

No. of Federalists in Senate. 6 

No. of Democrats in Senate.20 

No. of Whigs in Senate. I 

Senators, Politics Unknown.18 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.17 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.157 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.37 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.69 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 1 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H... 50 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.43 


President.James Madison. 

Vice-President.George Clinton of N.Y. 

Sec’y of State \ Robert Smith of Md. 

I James Monroe of Va. 

Sec’y of Treas. Albert Gallatin of Pa. 

Sec’y of War.William Eustis of Mass. 

Sec’y of Navy.Paul Hamilton of S. C. 

Att’v Generals \ Caisar A - Rodney of Del. 
ail y ceneiais ^ wil]iam p inckney G f Md. 

Speaker, House Representatives. 

.. Joseph B. Varnum of Mass. 


1811-1813—Twelfth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate . 


No. of Members in Senate.37 

No. of Federalists in Senate. 3 

No. of Democrats in Senate.15 

Senators, Politics Unknown.19 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.18 


In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep. 

No. of Federalists in House Rep. 

No. of Democrats in House Rep. 

No of Whigs in House Rep. 

Representatives, Politics Unianown... 
No. of Lawyers in House R^j}.... 


151 

.35 

.82 


.32 

.47 


Pres , Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 


President .James Madison 

Vice-President.George Clinton of N. Y. 

Sec’y of State.James Monroe of Va. 


Sec’y of Treas... -Albert Gallatin of Pa. 

Sec’y of War J William Eustis of Mass. 

) John Armstrong of N. Y. 
Sec’v of Navv $ Paul Hamilton of S. C. 

J William Jones of Pa. 

Att’y General.William Pinckney of Md. 

£>P.e?.ker, House Representatives. 

.. Henry Clay of Ky. 









































































During Eleventh and Twelfth Congress. 45 


Important Events During the Eleventh Congress. 


1808— Henry Clay and Humphrey Mar¬ 
shall fought a duel in Kentucky, 
both being wounded. 

1809— The embargo on American ship¬ 
ping withdrawn, except as to 
commerce with France and En¬ 
gland, March 4. 

1809—First agricultural society in 
America organized at George¬ 
town, D. C., November 28. 


1810—Population of the United States, 
7,300,000. 

1810— The President proclaims inter¬ 
course with France resumed. 

1811— Indian War; W. H. Harrison vs. 
Tecumseh. 

1811—Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana; 

Tecumseh defeated November?. 
1811—Congress refuses to charter the 
United States Bank. 


Important Events During the Twelfth Congress. 


1811— Slavery abolished in Chile, S. A., 
October 10. 

1812— War declared against England, 
June 18. 

1812—Fort Dearborn, at Chicago, Ill., 
evacuated, and soldiers and citi¬ 
zens were massacred by Indians, 
August 15. 


1813—Commodore Perry’s victory over 
the British fleet on Lake Erie, 
occurred September 10. 

1813—Toronto, Canada, captured by 
American soldiers, April 27. 

1813—Battles of Fort George, York, 
Thames, Ogdensburg, French- 
town and Lake Erie. Burning of 
Buffalo, December 13. 


1812. Anthracite Coal Comes into Use. George Schoemaker of 
Pottsvilie, Pa., brought several loads of hard coal to Philadelphia, 
which were sold to various parties. Much difficulty was experienced 
by some of the purchasers in getting the coal to burn, and some of 
them had Mr. Schoemaker arrested for obtaining money under false 
pretenses in selling them stones. 

1812. The War of 1812. With Thomas Jefferson, James Madi¬ 
son was associated as Secretary of State. On March 4 , 1809 , Madi¬ 
son succeeded J ^fferson in the presidency. As secretary he had gained 
a knowledge of the insolence and aggression of the English government 
in ignoring the rights of neutral nations, like the United States,, while 
waging war against the French. To such a height did this insolence 
extend, that British war vessels would stop American merchant ships 
on the high seas, and impress portions of the crews of the latter into 
the English naval service. Jefferson ordered an embargo, to prevent 
British vessels entering American ports. Madison disapproved of this 
embargo, protesting no less forcibly, however, against British viola¬ 
tions of international and neutral rights, and substituted a total cessa¬ 
tion of intercourse between the two countries. As this course failed 
to abate the evil, in the summer of 1809 , with the consent of Congress 
President Madison declared war against Great Britain, and by procla¬ 
mation, called upon the people to prepare for the conflict. Fivedays 
after the declaration of war Great Britain repealed part of the ob¬ 
noxious order in relation to the rights of neutrals, and so removed a 
portion of the cause of the war. Negotiations for a settlement of the 
impressment question were opened between the two countries, but 
without a satisfactory conclusion; and England, in February, 1813 , 
established a blockade of American ports on the Atlantic coast. Of 





46 


War of 1812 . 


course the movement led to active hostilities, the war continuing for 
more than two years. The following are some of the principa con 
tests of the war: 

Principal Battles of the War of 1812, Between the United States 

and England. 


The WarVVas Declared June 24, 
1812, and closed, by treaty, Dec. 24, 
1814. 

The Surrender of Detroit. —Gen¬ 
eral William Hull, Governor of Michi¬ 
gan Territory, after war was declared, 
received orders to invade Canada from 
Detroit, which he did with 1,800 men, 
but not having sufficient troops to carry 
out the enterprise, he was soon com¬ 
pelled to fall back; and August 16, 1812, 
his force having been reduced to 800 
men, he surrendered his army, Detroit 
and Michigan Territory, to the British 
under General Brock. 

Hatties at Sea.— August 19, 1812, the 
United States frigate Constitution,Cap¬ 
tain Isaac Hull, captured the British 
frigate Guerriere, Captain Dacxes; 
British loss, seventy-nine killed and 
wounded; American loss, fourteen. 

October 18, 1812, the American sloop 
of war, Wasp, Captain Jones, captured 
the British brig, Frolic, Captain Whin- 
gates, but the British ship Poictiers, 
with seventy-four guns, captured both 
the Wasp and the Frolic. 

October 25, 1812, the American frigate 
United States, Captain Decatur, cap¬ 
tured the British frigate Macedonian. 
Captain Carden, time, one hour and a 
half; British loss, thirty-six killed and 
sixty-eight wounded; American loss, 
five killed and seven wounded. 

December 29, 1812, the American 
frigate Constitution, Captain Bain- 
bridge, captured the British frigate 
Java, Captain Lambert, oft San Salva¬ 
dor, after a severe engagement; British 
loss. Captain Lambert killed, and 174 
men killed and wounded; American 
loss, thirty-three killed and wounded. 

The British vessels captured by 
American privateers in 1812, amounted 
to more than 300. 

Indian Massacre in Michigan.— 

In January, 1813, a force of British 
Indian allies encountered 900 American 
soldiers under General Winchester, at 
the river Raisin, defeated and captured 
the latter, and massacred many of the 
prisoners. 


Capture of Toronto, Can —April 

27, 1813, General Pike with 1,700 Ameri¬ 
cans, assaulted York (now Toronto), 
then the capital of Upper Canada, 
defended by 800 British. One battery 
was successfully carried by the Ameri¬ 
cans, when a magazine exploded,kill¬ 
ing General Pike, and killing and 
wounding 200 of his men; but the fort 
was captured by the attacking party. 

British Itepulse at Sackett’s 
Harbor.— In May, 1813, General Jacob 
Brown, commanding the American 
naval and military post of Sackett’s 
Harbor, on Lake Ontario, successfully 
repulsed the attack of a British force 
under General Prevost. 

Capture of Fort George, Can.— 

In May, 1813, the Americans attacked 
and carried Fort George, a Canadian 
stronghold. 

Battle of the Thames. Can.— 

Fought October 5, 1813, at the Moravian 
settlement, between American infantry 
under General Harrison and cavalry 
under Colonel R. M. Johnson, and the 
British under General Proctor, assisted 
by 2,000 Indians under Tecumseh. The 
latter was killed and the Americans 
defeated the enemy, and captured 600 
prisoners, six cannon and large quanti¬ 
ties of stores. 

Battle of Lake Erie. —Fought Sep¬ 
tember 10, 1813, between a squadron of 
nine American war vessels, under Com¬ 
modore O. H. Perry, and a British 
squadron of six armed vessels, under 
Commander Barclay. The American 
force consisted of 450 officers and men, 
with fifty-four cannon,while the British 
numbered 502 officers and men, with 
sixty-three cannon. The contest was 
severe, lasting about three hours. The 
Americans were, however, successful, 
capturing two ships, two brigs, one 
schooner and a sloop. Perry lost one 
vessel, sunk, the Lawrence, his flag¬ 
ship. The loss in men was nearly 
equal, numbering about 130 killed and 
wounded on each side. Barclay, the 
British commander, was killed. This 
battle secured the supremacy of Lake 
Erie to the Americans, and was impor¬ 
tant in this respect. 










Washington Burned by the British. 


47 


More Rattles at Sea. —February 24, 
1813, oft the coast of British Guiana, S. 
A., the American frigate Hornet, eight¬ 
een guns, encountered the British brig 
Peacock, and after a short engagement, 
the latter surrendered, she being in a 
sinking condition, and in a short time 
she went down, drowning nine of her 
men and five of the Hornet’s crew. The 
Peacock lost thirty-three killed and 
wounded in the fight, including her 
commander, while the Hornet’s loss 
was only one killed and two wounded. 

June 1, 1813, the American frigate 
Chesapeake, forty-eight guns, com¬ 
manded by the same captain, Law¬ 
rence, engaged the British frigate 
Shannon, Captain Broke,also carrying 
forty-eight cannon, about thirty miles 
from Boston. The fight lasted but 
fifteen minutes, and resulted in the 
death of Lawrence and the capture of 
the Chesapeake. The American loss 
was forty-eight killed and ninety-eight 
wounded; the British had twenty-three 
killed and fifty-six wounded, 

Septembers, 1813,the American sloop 
of war Enterprise, commanded by 
Lieutenant William Burroughs,encoun¬ 
tered, off Portland, Me., the British 
brig Boxer, commanded by Lieutenant 
Blyth, and captured the latter after a 
sharp engagement. Blyth was killed 
and Burroughs was mortally wounded. 
They were buried side by side at Port¬ 
land, 

Rattle of Chippewa, Niagara 

Falls _July 5, 1814, a force of 1.900 

Americans, under General Winfield 
Scott, fought 2,100 British troops under 
General Riall, at Chippewa. The lat¬ 
ter, after several attacks and counter¬ 
attacks, were repulsed; the Americans 
lost sixty-eight killed and 267 wounded, 
the British 138 killed and 365 wounded. 

Rattle of Lundy’s Lane.— Fought 
near Niagara Falls, July 25, 1814, be¬ 
tween 3,000 Americans under Generals 
Brown and Scott, and a larger force of 
British under General Riall. The bat¬ 
tle began aboutsunset, and continued 
until after dark with great severity; the 
British battery of nine guns was cap¬ 
tured, and Riall’s troops were driven off 
after three unsuccessful attempts tore- 
gain it; the Americans lost 852 men 
killed and wounded, and the British 
878. Brown and Scott were both 
wounded. 

Rattle of Lake Champlain.— Gen. 
Macomb, with about 1,500 American 
troops, held possession of Plattsburgh, 


N. Y., on the western shore of Lake 
Champlain, in August, 1814, when the 
British general, Sir George Prevost, 
advanced upon the town with 12,000 
men. On the lake the Americans had 
a fleet of fourteen vessels, carrying 
eighty-six guns and 860 men, under 
Captain McDonough, while the British 
squadron, under Captain Downie, num¬ 
bered sixteen vessels, ninety-five guns 
and about 1,000 men. September 11, 
1814, early in the morning, the naval 
battle began, lasting with severity for 
several hours, and resulting in a total 
victory for the Americans, the British 
hauling down their flags and surrender¬ 
ing. The land attack of the British 
soldiers was abandoned when the result 
of the naval fight was learned. The 
Americans lost 112 killed and wounded. 
The British loss was estimated at about 
200, exclusive of prisoners, and seventy- 
five cannon, besides their gunboats. 

Washington Burned —August 24, 
1814, an army of 5,000 British, under 
General Ross,who had landed in Chesa¬ 
peake Bay, marched on the national 
capital, took possession of the city and 
burned the public buildings, including 
the capitol and the President’s house; 
they met with but little opposition. 

The British at Baltimore. —After 
burning Washington, Ross re-embarked 
his army and assaulted the city of Balti¬ 
more, Md., September 12 and 13, but 
was repulsed by the citizens. General 
Ross was killed. 

Naval Operations. —Peace was 
consummated about Christmas,1814,but 
the news did not reach America for 
some time afterwards, and fighting 
continued on land and sea. Additional 
naval captures by the Americans com¬ 
prised seven British war vessels, and 
the British captured two American 
frigates and two or three smaller craft. 

Rattle of New Orleans.—Fought 
January 8, 1815, four miles from the 
city, between 5,000 Americans, under 
General Andrew Jackson, and a British 
army under Sir Edward Pakenham, 
estimated at from 10,000 to 12,000 men. 
Jackson occupied a strong position, 
well fortified,with twelve cannon. The 
severity of the fight, which resulted in 
the repulse of the British, is shown in 
the loss of the latter—something over 
2,000men killed,wounded and prisoners. 
The American loss was very slight. On 
the 18th the British retreated, leaving 
eighty wounded men in the hands of 
the Americans. This closed the war. 








48 Seventh Presidential Election. 


The Candidates in the Seventh Presidential Campaign, in 1812. 


At the seventh presidential election 
the candidates were James Madison, 
cabinet officer; Elbridge Gerry, lawyer 
and governor; DeWitt Clinton, senator 


and statesman; Jared Ingersoll, jurist 
and congressman. The election re¬ 
sulted as follows: 


November, 1812—Seventh Presidential Election—Madison Again 
Chosen. Republicans Victorious. 


No. of States 
and No of 
Electoral 
Votes. 

Namea of the 
Political Parties iu 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 

Votes 

Cast f*»r 
President. 

Ele< torsi 
Vol*-a 

Cast lor 
Vice-Pres 

18 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

218 

Elector’l 

Votes. 

Republican.... j 
( 

Federalist.< 

James Madison. 

...11 .. 


...128... 


and 

Elbridge Gerry. 




... 131.. 

DeWitt Clinton. 

...7.... 


..89... 


and 

Jared Ingersoll. 




....86... 


Totals. | 2 Pol. Parties. |.| 18 | None. | 217 j 217 


Madison was elected President, and 
Gerry Vice-President. 

Vt., Pa., Md., Va., N. C., S.C., Ga„ 
Ky., Tenn., Ohio and La. voted for 


Madison, and N. H., Mass., R. I., N. Y., 
Conn., N. J. and Del. for Clinton. 
Votes not cast, 1. 


1813-1815—Thirteenth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


Pres., Vice-Pres and Cabinet Officers. 


No. of Members in Senate.46 

No. of Federalists in Senate. 3 

No. of Democrats in Senate.,.15 

No. of Whigs in Senate. 1 

Senators, Politics Unknown.27 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.25 


In House of Representatives. 


No. of Members In House Rep.202 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.55 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.103 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. . 2 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H....42 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.73 


President. ..James Madison 

Vice-President.Elbridge Gerry of Mass. 

Sec’y of State.James Monroe of Va. 


( Albert Gallatin of Pa. 
Sec’y of Treas. < Geo W Campbell of Tenn. 
( Alex J. Dallas. 


Sec’y of War \ J° hn Armstrong of N. Y. 

(James Monroe of Va 

Sec’v of Naw 5 w ilham Jones of Pa. 

»ec y 01 wavy j Benj w crowninshield. 


Att’v Generals 5 William Pinckney of Md. 
Alt y Generals 1 Richard Rush> 

Speakers, House of Representatives ... 

.Henry Clay of Ky. 

.Langdon Cheves of S. C. 


1815-1817—Fourteenth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion 0/ Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.44 

No. of Federalists in the Senate.5 

No. of Democrats in the Senate. 18 

No. of Whigs in Senate. 1 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 20 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.26 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.203 


No. of Federalists in House Rep. .50 


No. of Democrats in House Rep.92 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 5 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.56 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep. 77 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

President.James Monroe 

Vice-President.No Vice-President 

Sec’y of State.James Madison of Va. 

Sec’y of Treas.Alex J. Dallas of Pa. 

Sec’y of War..William H Crawford of Ga. 
Sec’y of Navy W. H. Crowninshield of Mass. 
Att’y General.Richard Rush 

Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.Henry Clay of Ky. 































































Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congress. 49 


Important Events Daring the Thirteenth Congress. 


1813— Robert L. Stevens devised a 
bombshell and sold his invention 
to the government. 

1814— Washington City, D. C., burned 
by the British under General 
Ross, August 24; loss, nearly $3,- 
000.000. 

1814—Battle of Lundy’s Lane was 
fought near Niagara Falls, July 
25, between British and American 
soldiers, the former being 
defeated with a loss of 878 men. 
The American loss was 852 men. 

1814—Treaty of Peace between the 
United States and Great Britain 
signed at Ghent, Belgium, Dec. 
24. 


1814—The Battles of Chippewa, Fort 
Erie, Niagara, Bridgewater,Lake 
Champlain and Baltimore. 

1814—War with the Creeks; battle of 
Horseshoe Bend. 

1814— A British fleet bombarded Ston- 
ington, Conn., and ravaged the 
New England coast. 

1815— The Battle of New Orleans. A 
British force of 12,000 men at¬ 
tacked New Orleans; the city was 
defended by 5,000 men under 
General Andrew Jackson, the re¬ 
sult being a heavy defeat for the 
British. It was the last battle of 
the war. 


Important Events During the Fourteenth Congress 


1815— An anti-slavery organization was 
formed at St. Clairsville, Va., by 
Benjamin Lundy. 

1816— First “Remington Rifle” made 
near Rochester, N. Y., by Eli- 
phalet Remington. 

1816—The Bank of the United States is 
chartered for twenty years. 

1816—American Colonization Society is 
established. It founds Liberia in 
1822. 


1817—Work was commenced on the Erie 
Canal, at Rome, N. Y., July 4. 

1817—Congress provides for the rapid 
payment of the public debt. 

1817—National roads and other internal 
improvements receive increased 
attention. 

1817—Pensions granted to the Revo¬ 
lutionary officers and soldiers. 


1812 . Blue-Light Federalists. The name given those not in 
sympathy with the war of 1812, corresponding to the Copperhead in 
the Civil War. Decatur, with two frigates, was detained in the harbor 
of New London, Conn., by the British, several ineffectual attempts at 
night being made to get to sea. Decatur claimed that the British were 
informed of his efforts to run the blockade by the Federalists—Blue- 
Light Federalists—burning blue lights in the harbor’s mouth. 

1812 . Democrat. Derived from the Greek words demos, the 
people, and cratos , government; hence, "one who is in favor of govern¬ 
ment by the people.” The title of Democrat was fully adopted as a 
party name in 1812, at the second election of Madison. It has re¬ 
mained almost intact in form and name since the first presidential 
election, in 1789. 

1813 . Oct. 6. Tecumseh. One of the most important aids to 
the British was the Indian chief Tecumseh, who was a powerful 
leader among the Indians. He was made Brigadier by the English 
authority and wore the uniform of his rank. Was killed in battle at the 
above date. Because of admiration of this Indian warrior the father 
of Gen. W. T. Sherman named his own son William Tecumseh. 





50 


Losses in the War of i8i2. 


1813. Old Hickory. Name given to Andrew Jackson by his sol¬ 
diers, some say because he fed on hickory nuts when rations were 
short. Parton, however, says: “It was not an instantaneous inspira¬ 
tion, but a growth. First of all the remark was made by some soldier 
who was struck with his commander’s pedestrian powers that the gen¬ 
eral was 'tough.’ Next it was observed that he was tough as hickory. 
Then he was called ‘Hickory.’ Lastly the affectionate adjective ‘old’ 
was prefixed, and the general thenceforth rejoiced in the completed 
nickname, usually the first won honor of a great commander.” 

1814. Dec. 24. Treaty of Ghent. The treaty of peace between 
the United States and Great Britain for the settlement of the war of 
1812 , was signed at Ghent, Belgium, at this date. In this settlement 
the United States was represented by John Quincy Adams, James A. 
Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell and Albert Gallatin. The 
treaty provided for the restoration of all property taken from the 
others during the war, the restoration of prisoners of war, maintenance 
of the bounty established in 1783 , the cessation of Indian hostlities 
by the British, and for the extinction of slavery as rapidly as possible. 

1814. Gun for Throwing Shells. A long gun known as the 
Columbiad, for throwing shells, was invented by Col. Bomford of the 
U. S. Ordnance Department and was received with great favor. It 
was afterwards improved in France. 

1815. Report of War of 1812. This war extended over a 
period of about three years. It began in 1812 and closed in 1815 . 
The whole number of officers and men in the regular service cannot 
be accurately given. The following table at different periods of the 
war is the nearest approximation that can be made: 

Number of Officers and Men in War of 1812. 


Date. 

Officers. 

Men. 

Total. 

Date. 

Officers. 

Men. 

Total 

July, 1812. 

301 

6,385 

17,560 

16,686 

September, 1814.. 
February, 1815... 

2.395 

2.396 

35,791 

38,186 

33,424 

February, 1813... 

1,476 

9,036 

31,028 


The whole Militia Force raised during the war was 31,210 officers; 440,412 men; 
total, 471,622, 

Casualties reported during the war, 1812-15. 


Killed.1,877 Wounded.3,737 Total.5,614 

1815. Protective Tariff. President Madison this year in his 
message to Congress recommended that the tariff be revised,and a pro¬ 
tective tariff was passed. At that time England had imposed heavy 
duties upon raw cotton, and hence the South favored a protective 
tariff. Calhoun supported the measure and Clay proclaimed that 
protection must no longer be secondary in the matter of raising rev¬ 
enue but that it was of primary importance. 

1815. June 30. Close of War with England, occurred in the 
capture of the British vessel Nautilus in the straits of Sunda, by 
Capt. Warrington of the vessel Peacock. Sixteen hundred merchant 






















Colonization Society. 


5 1 


vessels belonging to Great Britain had been captured in three years, 
and the English government was ready to admit that the American 
navy was a formidable rival. 


1815. Hartford Convention Platform. Federalists who were 
opposed to the war of 1812 with Great Britain assembled at Hartford, 
Conn., and, after a three weeks’ deliberation, issued the following, 
among their declaration of principles: 


To protect citizens from forcible 
draft not authorized by the constitution 
of the United States. 

Authorizing the governors or com- 
manders-in-chief of their militia to 
make detachments from the same, or to 
form voluntary corps to repel any in¬ 
vasion. 

The following amendments to the 
constitution of the United States recom¬ 
mended: 

No new State shall be admitted with¬ 
out the concurrence of two-thirds of 
both houses. 

Congress shall not have power with¬ 
out the concurrence of two-thirds of 
both houses to interdict the commer¬ 


cial intercourse between the United 
States and any foreign nation. 

Congress shall not make nor declare 
war against any foreign nation without 
the concurrence of two-thirds of both 
houses, except when actually invaded. 

No person who shall hereafter be 
naturalized, shall be eligible as a mem¬ 
ber of the Senate orHouse of Represen¬ 
tatives of the United States, or capable 
of holding any civil office under the 
authority of the United States. 

The same person shall not be elected 
President of the United States a second 
time, nor shall the President be elected 
from the same State two terms in 
succession. 


1815. Importation of English Goods. American manufacturers 
had strong rivalry in English goods which were brought over this year 
in large quantities and sold at auction for any price. Prominent En¬ 
glishmen claimed that it would be worth the while to sell goods even at 
a loss if thereby Americans could be discouraged in their endeavor to 
engage in manufacturing for themselves. Heavy losses by the English 
traders finally caused them to cease these extensive importations. 

1816. Buck-Tails. Those opposed to the administration of Clin¬ 
ton were called Buck-tails by his supporters, because on certain occa¬ 
sions they wore in their hats a portion of the tail of the deer. 

1816. Our Country, Right or Wrong. The following toast was 
given by Commodore Stephen Decatur at a dinner in Norfolk, Va., 
“Our Country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always 
be in the right; but bur country, right or wrong.” 

1816. Colonization of Blacks. A society formed for the pur¬ 
pose of colonizing the colored people in some country met in Washing¬ 
ton, D. C. At first it had the support of the church, prominent 
Southern people and the abolitionists at the North. The founding of 
Liberia, on the west coast of Africa, was the result of this agitation. 

1816. April. Second United States Bank. The charter was 
issued for another United States Bank, with a capital of $ 35 , 000 , 000 , 
of which the government was to take $ 7 , 000 , 000 . Like the first Unit¬ 
ed States Bank, this was a private institution, conducted for private 
gain, the managers of the bank gaining profit through the belief 
prevailing with the people that the government absolutely owned the 
bank. Four-fifths of the profits went into private hands. 




52 


Eighth Presidential Election. 


The Candidates in the Eighth Presidential Campaign, in 1816. 


At the eighth presidential election 
the candidates were James Monroe, 
senator and governor; Daniel D. Tomp¬ 
kins, jurist and governor; Rufus King, 
statesman and diplomatist; John E. 


Howard, governor and senator; James 
Ross, jurist and senator; John Marshall, 
jurist and statesman; Robert G. Har¬ 
per, jurist and senator. The election 
resulted as follows: 


Nov. 1816—Eighth Presidential Election—Monroe Chosen. 

Republicans Victorious. 


No. of States 
and No. ot‘ 
Electoral 
Votes 

Names « f the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States. 
Voting 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 

Vot*« 

Cast for 
President. 

Electoral 

Votes 

Cast for 
Vice-Pre ;• 


y 


limes Monroe. 

16,... 


..183.. 


19 

Republican.... ■ 


and 

Dan’l D. Tompkins . 





O lit lb" y 

Entitled 



Rufus King..,,,. ...... 



. 34.. 


221 



and 

John E. Howard . 




. 22 .. 

Elector’l 



Tames Ross. 




. 5 .. 

Votes. 



John Marshall . 




. 4 .. 



h 

Robert G. Harper. 



. 

1.. ..3.. 

Totals. 

| 2 Pol. Parties. | 


1 19 

| None. 

| 217 

| 217 


Monroe elected President, and Tomp¬ 
kins Vice-President. 

N .H., R. I.. Va., N. Y., N. J., Pa., 
Md., Vt., N. C., S. C., Ga., Ky., Tenn., 


Ohio, La. and Ind. voted for Monroe, 
and Mass., Conn, and Del. voted for 
King. 


1817-1819—Fifteenth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate, 


PresVice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 


No. of Members in Senate.48 

No. of Federalists in Senate. 6 

No. of Democrats in Senate.20 

Senators, Politics Unknown.22 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.31 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.198 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.21 

No. of Democrats in House Rep. 88 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 3 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H... 80 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.82 


President.James Monroe 

Vice-President,Daniel D. Tompkins of N.Y. 


Sec’y of State.John Q. Adams of Mass. 

Sec’y of Treas.Wm. H. Crawford ot Ga. 

Sec’y of War.John C. Calhoun of S C. 

Sec’y of Navy} Benjamin W. Crowninshield 
J ‘ J < Smith Thompson of N. Y. 
Att’y General.William Wirt of Va. 


Speaker, House Representatives. 

.Henry Clay of Ky. 


1819-1821—Sixteenth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.51 

No. of Federalists in Senate. 5 

No. of Democrats in Senate.20 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 2 

Senators, Politics Unknown.24 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.32 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.204 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.22 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.93 

No of Whigs in House Rep. 3 

Representatives, Politics Unknown. 86 

No.of Lawyers in House Rep.84 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers 


President..James Monroe 

Vice-President,Dan’l D. Tompkins of N, Y. 

Sec’y of State... .James Q. Adams of Mass. 
Sec’y of Treas... .Wm. H. Crawford of Ga. 

Sec’y of War.John C. Calhoun of S. C. 

Sec’y of Navy. ...Smith Thompson of N. Y. 
Att’y General.William Wirt of Va. 

Speaker, House Representatives . 

.Henry Clay of Ky. 

.John W. Taylor of N. Y. 















































































Invasion of Florida. 


53 


Important Events During the Fifteenth Congress, 


1817— Visit of Lafayette. 

1818— Congress passed the law estab¬ 
lishing the present United States 
flag, comprising thirteen stripes, 
with one star for each State in 
the Union, April 4. 

1818—Slavery fully abolished in Con¬ 
necticut. 

1818—The first American agricultural 
journal, the American Farmer, 
published at Baltimore, Md., by 
John S. Skinner. 

1818—The Boundary and Fishery ques¬ 
tions settled with England. 

1818—Spain cedes Florida and Texas to 
the United States for $5,000,000. 


1818—Laying of the center foundation 
of the capitol at Washington. 

1818— The slave trade was declared by 
Congress to be piracy. 

1819— The first permanent American 
Lodge of Odd Fellows was estab¬ 
lished at Baltimore, Md.—Wash¬ 
ington Lodge, No. 1—April 26. 

1819—First steamship sails for Europe, 
May, 1819. 

1819—Commodore Perry was sent into 
West India waters to break up 
the expedition of pirates The 
death of Perry prevented success. 


Important Events During the Sixteenth Congress. 


1819—Great financial depression and 
distress prevailed throughout the 
country, affecting all classes of 
business, which was caused by 
overproduction, the light demand 
for breadstuffs abroad, and the 
excess of importations over our 
exportations. 


1820—The fourth census of the United 
States showed a population of 9,- 
633,822 persons, an increase, with¬ 
in ten years, of 33.06 per cent. 

1820—Passage of the “Missouri Com¬ 
promise Bill.” Repealed in 1854. 


1817. March 4. Prosperous Period. The war of 1812 being 
over, there came an era of peace and prosperity. This was soon fol¬ 
lowed by a period of close money, the result of overspeculation; and 
this was succeeded by another era of prosperous times. Such were the 
conditions when James Madison retired from the presidential chair, and 
James Monroe was inaugurated the eighth president of theUnitedStates. 
Soon after his inauguration Monroe made a tour through the country. 
He was the recipient of an exceedingly warm welcome, such as is natu¬ 
rally entertained by a prosperous and happy people. 


1817. Florida Indians. Florida at this period belonged to Spain. 
Believing themselves secure from outside interference, the Seminole 
and Creek Indians made a practice of raiding on United States prop¬ 
erty, and afterwards retreating to their hiding places. It was at this 
time that Generals Gaines and Jackson led their troops into this State 
and brought these Indians under subjection. 


1818. March. Florida Invaded. The hostile attitude of the 
Florida Indians continuing, General Jackson invaded Florida on the 
supposition that Spain was furnishing the savages with supplies. Af¬ 
ter taking possession of St. Marks and Pensacola and executing two 
Englishmen, who were leaders among the natives, the Indians laid 
down their arms and sued for peace. The international complications 
between the United States and Spain that grew out of these invasions 
were finally settled in 1819 by the purchase of Florida by the United 
States. 





54 


Financial Distress in 1819 . 


1818. Shoe Pegs. These came in this year. The peg was an 
invention of Joseph Walker of Hopkinton, Mass. It was first made 
by hand and afterwards by machinery. Its general introduction mate¬ 
rially reduced the price of shoes that heretofore had been made by 
hand sewing. The pegging machine and the sewing machine have 
brought great changes in shoe manufacture since then. 

1818. Horse Racing. It had been claimed that no horse in 
America could trot a mile in three minutes. William Jones, of Long 
Island,and Col. Bond, of Maryland, produced a horse which performed 
the feat, this fast animal being afterwards known as “Boston Blue.” 
From this beginning came trotting courses, horse racing, breeding for 
speed and the shortening of time to a little over two minutes in trot¬ 
ting one mile. 

1819. Apprentice’s Library. Realizing the necessity of some 
means whereby the apprentice could get the benefit of past ex¬ 
perience, as found in books, the apprentice’s library was founded this 
year in Philadelphia, by voluntary subscription. 

1819. Financial Distress. Following the war of 1812 came 
peace, prosperity and extravagance in 1815 , succeeded by hard times 
in 1816 . Then came rapid recovery and good times in 1817 . Spec¬ 
ulation and over-trading brought on financial distress again in 1819 , 
largely the result of extensive importations in excess of exports. Paper 
currency in this year was worth less than fifty cents on the dollar, 
and cotton and breadstuffs declined in price over one half. Rents and 
real estate suffered immensely. People were thrown out of employ¬ 
ment and impoverished. Many petitions and memorials to Congress 
relating to tariff and trade were presented this year. 

1820. Doughfaces. During the contest in Congress, in relation 
to the Missouri Compromise, Edmund Randolph of Virginia applied 
this term to those slavery supporters who voted for this compromise, 
adding that “they were plastic in the hands of the demagogues.” 
Since that time it has been applied to Northern men with Southern 
principles. 

1820. Missouri Compromise. Slavery had become an important 
institution at this time in the South. The blacks were a great help in 
packing cotton, and a certain number of them meant the sending of a 
certain number of representatives to Congress. It was not only de¬ 
sirable to retain slavery in the territory where it then existed, but 
slave-holders wanted the privilege of taking their slaves to new 
territory and retaining them there as chattels. At this period, the 
territories of Maine and Missouri were asking for admission as States. 
The application of Missouri to be admitted as a slave State had been 
refused by Congress. The application of Maine to be admitted as a 
free State was also refused, largely through the votes of members of 
Congress from the South. Then came the compromise measure, in¬ 
troduced by Henry Clay and others, and adopted by Congress, which 



The Missouri Compromise. 


55 


was, that Missouri should be admitted as a slave State, but that sla¬ 
very should forever thenceforth be prohibited in U. S. territory north 
of latitude 36 degrees, 30 minutes. Both States were then admitted. 
This was the first Congressional struggle over slavery. 

1820. March 22. Fatal Results from Dueling. Stephen De¬ 
catur, a naval officer of superior reputation, had a dispute with Com¬ 
modore Barron in relation to a naval contest, in which one vessel had 
fired upon the other. In order to settle the controversy, a duel was 
fought, in which Decatur was mortally wounded and Barron was very 
severely injured. Decatur had a most elegant home in Washington, 
to which he had retired at the close of his naval experience, full of 
honor, with many a victory won, with bright prospects of a long and 
happy life. 

1820. Sept. 26. Daniel Boone. Born in Bucks Co., Pa., Feb. 
11 , 1735 . Died, Sept. 26 , 1820 . The pioneer who paves the way for 
future civilization and government deserves oftentimes more commen¬ 
datory mention than the individual who assists in the enactment 
of law. Daniel Boone was a typical pioneer. Starting out from 
North Carolina, he penetrated into Kentucky, being several times 
captured by the Indians. He founded Boonesborough, Ky.,in 1775 . 
For many years afterwards he engaged in exploration and travel 
in regions of the United States to the westward of Kentucky. 

1820. Anti-Slavery. The sentiment of a party organized in 
Philadelphia, in 1820 , in opposition to the extension of slavery. (See 
Abolitionists.) 

1820-1855. Albany Regency. Applied to those politicians 
who,from 1820 to 1855 . managed the Democratic party in the State of 
New York. The name was given them because the majority of them 
lived in Albany, N. Y. 

1820. Lectures upon Political Questions. A study of political 
subjects and government occupied the people’s attention, when 
Frances Wright, a Scotch woman, visited the United States, and de¬ 
livered a series of lectures upon slavery and woman. 

1820. Favoring the United States. A navigation act was 
passed this year, providing for imports by the United States vessels 
only. An act was passed also closing the ports of the United States 
against British vessels from British Colonies. 

1820. The Fourth Census. At the census of this year an at¬ 
tempt was made to gather some industrial statistics. However, little 
was accomplished. 

1820. First Ice Seen in New Orleans. At a time when yellow 
fever was raging in New Orleans a ship load of ice was sent to that 
city by an enterprising citizen of Boston. Many of the inhabitants 
had never seen ice before, and report said that a mob collected and 
threw one entire cargo <?f the strange material into the waters. 



56 


Ninth Presidential Election. 


The Candidates in the Ninth Presidential Campaign, in 1820. 


At the ninth presidential election the 
candidates were James Monroe, senator 
and governor; Dan’l D.Tompkins,jurist 
and governor; John Q. Adams, states¬ 
man and diplomatist; Richard Stock¬ 


ton, jurist and senator; Dan’l Rodney, 
statesman and governor; Robert G. 
Harper, jurist and senator; Richard 
Rush, statesman and diplomatist. The 
election resulted as follows: 


November, 1820—Ninth Presidential Election—Monroe Again 
Chosen. Republicans Victorious. 


No. of States 
and No. of 
Electoral 
Votes. 

Nftmw of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 

Vote§ 

Cant for 
President. 

Electoral 

Votes 

Cast for 
Vice-Pre« # 

24 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

235 

Elector’l 

Votes. 

Republican.... j 

Opposition 

Republican j 

■ 

1 

James Monroe. 

...24 .. 




and 

Dan’l D. Tompkins. 





John Q. Adams. 





and 

Richard Stockton. 





Daniel Rodney. 




.4 . 

Robert G. Harper. 





Richard Rush. 



t 



Totals. | 2 Pol. Parties. |.| 24 | None. | 232 j 232 


Monroe elected President; Tomp¬ 
kins elected Vice-President. 


Every State in the Union (24) voted 
for James Monroe. 

Votes not cast, 3. 


1821-1823—Seventeenth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.. ...53 

No. of Federalists in the Senate. 4 

No. of Democrats in the Senate..... 26 

No. of Whigs in Senate. 2 

Senators, Politics Unknown.21 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.33 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.204 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.21 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.88 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 4 

No. Republicans in House Rep. 2 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.89 

No. of Lawyer's in House Rep.82 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 
President.James Monroe 


Vice-President,Dan’l D. Tompkins of N. Y. 

Sec’y of State .John Q. Adams of Mates. 

Sec’y of Treas. William H. Crawford of Ga. 
Sec’y of War.John O. Calhoun of S. C. 

Sec’y of Navy \ ® mith Thompson of N.Y. 

J } Samuel L Southard of N. J. 

Att’y General.William Wirt of Va. 


Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.Philip P. Barbour of Va. 


1823-1825—Eighteenth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 

No. of Members in Senate... .53 

No. of Federalists in Senate. 3 

No. of Democrats in Senate..27 

No. of Whigs in Senate. 1 

Senators, Politics Unknown.22 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.37 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.224 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.19 

No. of Democrats in Hou e Rep. 87 

No. of Whigs in Hou^e Rep .15 

No. Republicans in House Rep. 2 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H...101 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep...90 


Pres., Vice-Pres and Cabinet Officers. 

President.James Monroe 

Vice-President. .Sam’l S. Tompkins of N.Y. 

Sec’y of State.John Q. Adams of Mass. 

Sec’y of Theas.William H. Crawford of Ga. 

Sec’y of War.John C Calhoun of S. C. 

Sec’y of Navy_Sam’l L. Southard of N.J. 

Att ’y General.William Wirt of Va. 

Speaker, House of Representatives ... 
.Henry Clay of Ky. 







































































Mexico an Independent Republic. 


57 


Important Events During the Seventeenth Congress. 


1821—The remains of Major Andre, 
executed as a spy, were re¬ 
moved from the United States, 
deposited in Westminster Abbey, 
London, and marked by a hand¬ 
some monument. 

1821—The great financial distress was 
severely felt west of the Alleghany 
Mountains. Banks had collapsed, 
and all business suffered; debts 
could not be paid, and Congress 
was appealed to for relief. 

1821— Jackson takes formal possession 
of Florida,purchased from Spain. 

1822— The Bunker Hill Monument 
Association was legally incorpo- 

Important Events During 

1823— The ‘‘Monroe Doctrine” advo¬ 
cated by President Monroe, to 
prevent foreign aggression upon 
United States soil and institu¬ 
tions. 

1824— Marquis de Lafayette, the friend 
of General Washington, visited 
this country, remaining about one 
year—Aug. 15. In December 
Congress voted him $200,000 and 
a township of land. 


rated by the Massachusetts Legis¬ 
lature, June 7. 

1823—A society for the reformation of 
juvenile culprits was established 
by the New York Legislature. 

1822 —Announcement of the celebrated 
“Monroe Doctrine” by the Presi¬ 
dent. 

1822—The United States acknowledged 
the independence of the South 
American Republics. 

1822—New apportionment: 1 Repre¬ 
sentative to 40,000 ( 3rd census, 1 
to 35,000; 1st and 2nd census, 1 to 
33,000). 


the Eighteenth Congress. 

1824—Treaty with Great Britain for .the 
suppression of the slave trade. 

1824—Treaty with the United States of 
Colombia, S. A., effected. 

1824— The Mexican Congress forbade 
the further importation of slaves 
into that republic, July 13. 

1825— The first “Reform School” in 
this country was opened in New 
York City in January. 


1820. Mexico Proclaimed Independent. Don Augustin Itur- 
bide, a native Mexican officer, having aroused the people of the country 
to revolution, proclaimed Mexico independent. A regency was estab¬ 
lished in the succeeding year, with Iturbide at its head, he being voted 
a salary of $ 120,000 a year as generalissimo. He was proclaimed 
emperor in 1822 , but on account of his usurpations he was deposed by 
the patriots and fled the country, while Mexico was declared a Re¬ 
public under the leadership of Santa Anna. In 1824 Iturbide returned 
to Mexico in disguise, was detected, arrested and shot at Padilla. 

1820. Hung for Killing in a Duel. William Bennett was hung 
in Illinois for having shot Alphonso Stewart in a duel, in Belleville, 
Ill. Bennett was convicted of murder, and although great effort was 
made to secure a pardon from Governor Bond, the governor would 
not listen to a plea for mercy. This made dueling forever unpopular 
in Illinois. 


1822. Mexican Independence Recognized. A treaty of com¬ 
merce with France concluded. An internal improvement bill, pro¬ 
viding for the preservation and repair of the Cumberland road, vetoed. 
The independence of Mexico and the five provinces in South America, 
formerly under the dominion of Spain, recognized. 

1822. Completion of Champlain Canal. This waterway, ex¬ 
tending from Albany to Lake Champlain, was finished this year, and 
thousands of men engaged in its construction were obliged to seek 
Other employment. 





58 


The Monroe Doctrine. 


1822. Annexation of San Salvador. One of the provinces in 

Central America, about the size of New Jersey, was annexed to the 
United States by a vote of its Congress at this date. But before the 
U. S. Government could act, the Mexican emperor fell, and the Cen¬ 
tral American Confederation was formed, the city of San Salvador 
being made the capital. This changed the plan and prevented the 
contemplated annexation. 

1823. March. River and Harbor Bills. The first bill for the 

improvement of harbors at the expense of the government was passed 
March 3 , 1823 , and since then numerous such bills have b,een passed 
as appropriations. In 1882 the appropriations for this purpose amount¬ 
ed to nearly $ 19 , 000 . ooo, which was vetoed by President Arthur, but 
was passed over the veto by Congress. 

1823. December. Monroe Doctrine. Monroe was in his second 
presidential term, when the question arose as to what action should 
be talcen by the United States, in case any of the foreign powers 
should attempt to subjugate any portion of the American continent, 
the existing authority and independence of which had already been 
acknowledged by the United States. Monroe announced: “that we 
. should consider any attempt on the part of European powers to extend 
their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our 
peace and safety;” and “that we could not view any interposition for 
the purpose of oppressing or controlling American governments or 
provinces in any other light than as a manifestation by European 
powers of an unfriendly disposition towards the United States.” 
While the United States did not desire any difficulty with foreign gov¬ 
ernments, all foreign countries were thus given to understand that 
it Would be well for them not to interfere with existing governments 
on the American continent, composing North and South America. 
This doctrine was generally approved by the American people and 
affected the course of foreign governments. 

1823. Central American States Honduras, Nicaragua, Guate¬ 
mala, San Salvador and Costa Rica, comprising an area about the 
combined size of New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Kentucky 
and Mississippi, formed a confederation known as “The United Prov¬ 
inces of Central America.” Two parties, however, had arisen, one 
being in favor of a central government, and the other being opposed 
to centralizing power. The result has been, with the mercurial tem¬ 
perament of the inhabitants, an unsettled government with many re¬ 
volutions and much bloodshed. 

1824. Visit of Lafayette. Lafayette came on a visit to the 
United States by invitation of Congress, arriving in New York August 
13 , 1824 , and remained the guest of the nation for more than a year. 
During his stay he visited each of the twenty-four States of the Union, 
visited the principal battle fields of the Revolution in which he had 
borne a distinguished part, and was everywhere received with warmest 
welcome. 



Socialism. 


59 


1824. American System. A name given by Henry Clay to his 
plan of protective duties and internal improvements. It was a name 
applied to the policy of protection to home industries by means of 
duties on imports. 

1824. Jan. 8. Celebration of Jackson’s Victory. Mrs. John 
Quincy Adams, whose husband was then Secretary of State, gave a 
grand ball in Washington in honor of Jackson’s victory at New Orleans 
which was claimed to have a good deal of political significance. Was 
one of the most notable balls ever held at the seat of government. 

1825. General Prosperity. This was a period of general prog¬ 
ress. The President strongly favored the Whig policy of internal 
improvements, but a majority of the Senate being Democrats, his rec¬ 
ommendations were not adopted. 

1825. Socialism. Robert Owen instituted a provisional and co¬ 
operative government this year at New Harmony, Indiana, where he 
had bought the village of New Harmony, with its buildings and 30,000 
acres of land, from the Rappites, in order to continue the co-operative 
work already begun by the society at New Harmony. Mr. Owen came 
from England, and at the beginning of his labors here, he had goo 
persons in the organization. Inafew years thecommunity brokeup, 
and returned to individual property ownership. Although Mr. Owen’s 
socialistic efforts in various parts of the United States were not signally 
successful, he drew attention to the importance of co-operative 
effort which has been productive of much good. Socialism, in the 
abstract, is the joining together of the physical and mental effort of the 
community for one common good. It means forgetfulness of self, 
and labor for the welfare of all. Complete socialism would destroy 
competition. The four clothing Stores on the four corners, each com¬ 
peting with the other and wasting their energies in the attempt to de¬ 
stroy the other’s prosperity, under socialism would come under one roof, 
and thus save three rentals of stores, and otherwise would prosper 
each other in the saving of lighting, heating and superintendency of 
three stores. Unfortunately, however, the desire for individuality is 
yet so strong in the human mind as to prevent the good that might be 
accomplished through greater co-operative effort. Gradually we are 
reaching that plain, the socialists claim, where the results of socialism 
may be seen. This we discover in the incorporated companies, where 
many stockholders join in co-operative endeavor. It is seen in the 
establishment of labor unions, where the stronger workmen secure 
fair compensation and equal rights for the weaker members of their 
craft. It is seen in the numerous conventions, where mechanics and 
artisans come together and exchange opinions and advise each other. 
It is seen in the great manufactories and department stores to-day, 
where many different interests are represented, but all receive a share 
of the profits. A perfect socialism, however, will be evolved slowly, 
as a very high order of civilization will be required to cause all (Q 
\vork to the best of their ability for the good of the others. 



6 o 


Tenth Presidential Election 


The Candidates in the Tenth Presidential Campaign, in 1824. 


At the tenth presidential election 
the candidates were Andrew Jackson, 
jurist and general; John Q. Adams, 
statesman and diplomatist; John C. 
Calhoun,jurist and cabinet officer;Wm. 
H. Crawford, jurist and cabinet officer; 


Nathaniel Macon, soldier and states¬ 
man; Henry Clay, senator and diploma¬ 
tist; Nathan Sanford, jurist and sena¬ 
tor; Martin VanBuren, jurist and sena¬ 
tor.The election resulted as follows: 


Nov. 1824—Tenth Presidential Election—John Quincy Adams 
Chosen. Republicans Victorious. 


Names of the 
Political Partieti in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 

Vot«*M 

Caxt for 
Preahlen’ 

Electoral 
Vvtee 
Cast for 
Vice-Prei, 

Republican.... <j 

Andrew Jackson. 

John Q. Adams. 

....11.. 
.7.. 

... 155,872.. 
.105,321.. 

.. 99.. 
.84.. 


and 

John C. Calhoun. .... 




...182.. 

Wm. H. Crawford. 

... .3.. 

....44,282.. 

....41.. 


and 

Nathaniel Macon 





Henry Clay... 

. 3.. 

...46,587.. 

37.. 


and 

Nathan Sanford . 




....30.. 

Martin VanBuren. 




9.. 

Andrew Jackson.. 




Henry Clay. 




.2.. 





No. of 8t*ten 
and No. of 
E'ectoral 
Votes. 


24 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

201 

Elector’ 

Votes. 


Totals. | 1 Pol. Party. 


24 | 352,062 


261 


260 


This election was the first of which 
a popular vote was recorded. 

From the number of candidates, and 
the character of the ballot cast, this 
election was known as the “Scrub- 
race.” Adams and Calhoun were elec¬ 
ted President and Vice-President, 
respectively, by Congress, where the 
contest was finally determined. 


| Me., N. H., Mass., R. I., Conn., Vt. 
I and N. Y. voted for Adams; Del., Va. 
} and Ga. for Crawford; N, J., Pa., Md., 
1 N. C., S. C., Tenn., La., Miss., Ind., 
! Ill. and Ala. for Jackson; Ky., Ohio and 
Mo. for Clay. 

Votes not cast, 1. 


1825-1827—Nineteenth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate . 


No. of Members in Senate.62 

No. of Federalists in Senate. "6 

No. of Democrats in Senate.33 

No. of Whig'S in Senate.4 

Senators, Politics Unknown.22 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.38 

In House of Representatives, 

No. of Members in House Rep.228 

No. of Federalists in House Rep. 8 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.94 

No of Whigs in House Rep.19 

No. Republicans in House Rep. 4 

Representatives, Politics Unknown. 103 

No.of Lawyers in House Rep.. .92 


Pres., Vice-Pres, and Cabinet Officers . 


President. .John Q. Adams 

vUce-President... .John C. Calhoun ofS. C. 

Sec'y of State.Henry Clay of Ky. 

Sec’y of Treas.Richard Rush of Pa. 

Sec’y of War.James Barbour of Va. 

Sec’y of Navy.. Samuel L.Southard of N. J. 
Att’y General.William Wirt of Va. 


Speaker, House Representatives. 

.John W. Taylor of N. Y. 



































































Drowning of William Morgan. 


61 


1827-1829- -Twentieth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion 0/ Senate 


Mo. of Members in Senate. 53 

No. of Federalists in Senate. .. i 

No. of Democrats in Senate... .32 

No. of Whigs in Senate.. G 

Senators, Politics Unknown . 14 

No. of Lawyers in Senate. 33 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 


President,.John Q. Adams . 

Vice President.John C. Calhoun of S C. 

Sec’y of State.Henry Clay of Ky. 

Sec’y of Treas.Richard R ish of Pa- 


In House of Representatives. 


No. of Members in House Rep.223 

No. of Federalists in House Rep. 9 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.10U 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.22 

No. Republicans in House Rep. 6 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H....86 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.95 


Sec’y of War 


J James Barbour of Va. 

( Peter B Porter of N. Y. 


Sec’.v of Navy..Samuel L. Southard of N. J. 


Att’y General.William Wirt of Va. 


Speaker, House Representatives. 

.Andrew Stevenson of Va. 


Important Events During the Nineteenth Congress. 


1825—First railway charter in America 
issued to Mohawk and Hudson 
Company. 

1825—First iron boat in America, “The 
Cadorus,” launched into the 
Susquehanna River. 

Important Events During 

1828—Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, a 
signer of the Declaration of Inde¬ 
pendence, then more than ninety 
years old, set the corner-stone of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
The road was designed for horse- 
cars only. 


1826— The American Temperance 
Union organized at Boston, and 
4,000 auxiliary societies were 
formed in the United States with¬ 
in the ensuing six years. 

1827— Slavery was abolished in the 
State of New York. Nearly 10,- 
000 slaves were freed. 

the Twentieth Congress. 

1829—Postmaster-General Barry be¬ 
came a member of the President’s 
cabinet. Previously it was not a 
cabinet office. 


1826 . Drowning of William Morgan. An Anti-Mason polit¬ 
ical party sprung up this year, from the alleged putting to death of a 
prominent Mason who proposed to disclose the secrets of the order. 
The statement of Thurlow Weed, who served upon the committee of 
investigation, to enquire into the cause of Morgan’s death, which 
statement was furnished to the New York Herald, Aug. 6, 1875, will 
be interesting. Mr. Weed’s communication reads as follows: 

“ I did not personally know William Morgan, who was for more 
than two months writing his book in a house adjoining my residence 
in Rochester, N. Y. When applied to by Mr. Dyer,—my next-door 
neighbor, where Morgan boarded,—to print the book, purporting to 
disclose the secrets of Masonry, I declined to do so, believing that a man 
who had taken an oath to keep a secret had no right to disclose it. 
Although not a Freemason, I had favorable opinions of an institution 
to which Washington, Franklin and Lafayette belonged. On my refusal 
to print the book, Morgan removed to Batavia, where he made the ac¬ 
quaintance of David G. Miller, editor of the Advocate, also a Mason, 
who became his publisher. I pass briefly over a series of facts which 
were judicially established, embracing the arrest of Morgan, his con¬ 
veyance to and confinement in the county jail at Canandaigua, from 
which he was released and conveyed by night, in close carriages, 


























62 


Sketch of Thomas Jefferson. 


through Rochester, Clarkson and along the Ridge Road to Fort Niag¬ 
ara, in the magazine of which he was confined. While thus confined 
a Knight Templar Encampment was installed at Lewiston; when at 
supper, the zeal and enthusiasm of the Templars having been aroused 
by the speeches and wine, Col. William King, of Lockport, invited 
four men (Whitney, Howard, Chubbuck and Garside) from their seats 
at the banqueting table, into an adjoining room, where he informed 
them that he had an order from the Grand Master, De Witt Clinton, 
the execution of which required their assistance. This party was 
then driven to Niagara, reaching the fort a little before 12 o’clock. 
Upon entering the magazine, Colonel King informed Morgan that his 
friends had completed the arrangements for his removal to, and resi¬ 
dence upon, a farm in Canada. Morgan walked with them to the wharf 
where a boat was kept in readiness for them by Elisha Adams, an in¬ 
valid soldier, into which the party passed, and rowed away, Adams 
remaining to warn the boat off by a signal, if on its return, any alarm 
had been given. It was nearly two o’clock in the morning when the 
boat returned, having,as Adams expressed it,‘lost one man.’ only five 
of the six being on board when the boat returned. When the boat 
reached the point where the Niagara River empties into Lake Ontario, 
a rope being wound around Morgan’s body, to either end of which a 
sinker was attached, he was thrown overboard. It is due to the memory 
of Governor Clinton to say that Colonel King had no such order, and 
had no authority to make use of his name. It is proper, also, to add, 
that none of these men survive. John Whitney of Rochester, whom 
I knew so well, related all the circumstances connected with the last 
act in the tragedy to me at Albany, in 1831 , in the presence of 
Simeon B. Jewett of Clarkson, and Samuel Barton of Lewiston.” 

1826. Thomas Jefferson. Born April 2 , 1743 , in Shadwell, Va. 
Died July 4 , 1826 . Was a student at William and Mary College at 
the age of seventeen; there he continued for two years, and afterwards 
was a student of law and engaged in law practice for five years. In 
1772 he named the new home he had built Monticello, and there settled 
with his wife. Was a representative in the Continental Congress, 
where his abilities were soon recognized, among his work there being 
the writing of the Declaration of Independence. In 1779 he was made 
governor of Virginia. Was elected to Congress in 1782 . and two years 
after was appointed minister to France. Returned to the United 
States in 1789 and became Secretary of State in Washington’s cabinet. 
Was elected Vice-President with John Adams, who was President in 
1797 . In 1801 he was chosen President, a popular personal peculb 
arity of manner being his extreme simplicity of ceremony and dress. 
He served two presidential terms with great satisfaction to the people, 
and then retired to Monticello, where his charming home was visited 
by great numbers of people who wished to see him. Through indorse¬ 
ment for a friend to the extent of $ 20,000 he became heavily involved 
in debt. When his embarrassment became known he was the recip¬ 
ient of testimonials to the extent of about $ 18 , 000 , which made bright 



Argument for a Protective Tariff. 


63 


his closing days. After his death the estate was sold, but did not 
realize enough to pay the debts. All in all in democratic simplicity, 
in superior scholarship, in pure manhood, in able administration, 
Thomas Jefferson stands forth as a model grandly worthy the imitation 
of young men. 

1827 . July 30 . The Protectionists. A meeting of manufac¬ 
turers and others who favored a high protective tariff, for revenue and 
for the purpose of protecting the industries of the country, convened 
at this time at Harrisburg. Pa. The meeting was filled with discus¬ 
sions as to the benefit which would result to the country, through 
strong protection by means of high duties on goods coming, from 
foreign countries. Arguments made at the time were essentially those 
which have been advanced since that period by the protectionists, and 
and are included in the following: 


ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION. 


That the United States,having the raw 
material for the manufacture of any 
article in abundance, should be en¬ 
couraged to supply that material. That 
to import a material or an article from 
a foreign country, that can be obtained 
at home, is a waste of time, money and 
labor, to the extent of the cost of trans¬ 
portation of such article or material. 

To place a high custom duty on ar¬ 
ticles coming from abroad, making the 
article, w hich is thus protected, higher 
in price, is calculated to induce cap¬ 
italists from foreign lands to come to 
this country and invest their money in 
the manufacture of that which will not 
be imported because of the high tariff. 

That the manufacturer, who thus gets 
a large price for the article he makes, 
in consequence of lessened competi¬ 
tion, is enabled and does pay a corre¬ 
spondingly high price to his workmen. 

That workmen, receiving more for 
their labor because of shutting out the 
goods of foreign countries, are con¬ 
sequently better supplied with all those 
comforts and luxuries which pertain to 
a higher civilization. 

That the money which is paid to 
workmen in our own country, be the 
price high or low, is kept at home, cir¬ 
culates in our midst and consequently 
makes money abundant and times good. 

That the higher price for goods, which 
results from protection, will invite 
capital into the country; the capitalist 
will bring a higher order of mechanical 
talent with him to assist in his manu¬ 
facturing, than has been in the country 
before, the whole resulting in better 
citizenship. 

That the springing up of new indus¬ 
tries, the result of preventing goods 


coming in from abroad, tends not only 
to bring in new and better mechanics 
from other countries', but it causes a 
rapid settlement of the country, making 
a better home market for the farmer 
and the manufacturer. 

That if goods are allowed to come 
into the country comparatively free of 
duty,the result will be that the laboring 
classes of this country must work at the 
same price which is paid in Europe for 
like service. Thus if the Swiss watch¬ 
maker can hire help at one dollar a day 
and send his watch here free of tariff 
duty, the watchmaker in America, in 
order to compete with the Swiss watch¬ 
maker, cannot pay his workmen more 
than one dollar per day. 

That if a high protective duty is placed 
on watches or other goods coming from 
foreign lands, the increased compensa¬ 
tion to workmen will be in proportion 
to the rate of tariff which is charged. 

That the protecting of young indus¬ 
tries in the beginning will result, through 
the higher price of goods,in developing 
factories in America to such a great ex¬ 
tent as will result in a large supply of 
goods and ultimately cheap prices 
through competition. 

That a high protective tariff will not 
only bring capital and desirable popu¬ 
lation from abroad, but it will develop 
our internal resources, will give high 
wages to workmen, will keep money in 
circulation at home;and in time,through 
universal development of manufactur¬ 
ing interests, prices will go so low that 
the United States will become the man¬ 
ufacturing center of the globe and will 
be able to export goods, compete with 
and undersell all the nations of the earth 
in any part of the world. 




61 - 


Eleventh Presidential Election. 


The Candidates in the Eleventh Presidential Campaign, in 1828. 


At the eleventh presidential election 
the candidates were Andrew J ackson, 
jurist and general; John C. Calhoun, 
jurist and cabinet officer; William 


Smith, jurist and senator; John Q. 
Adams, senator and diplomatist; Rich¬ 
ard Rush, statesman and diplomatist. 
The election resulted asfollows: 


November,1828—Eleventh Presidential Election—JacksonChos.n. 

Democrats Victorious. 


No of State* 
ar.»l No of 
KlecioVnl 

Vote’ll 

Name* of t *e 

Political Parti** iu 

til«i C0.1t oj*t . 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

oral 

Vot«!i 

(’*st f r 

President. 

Elector*1 
Vot.e 
Cant for 
Vice-Pre* 4 


f 

Andrew Jackson. 

...15 .. 

...647,231 

...178... 


States, 

Democratic.... ; 

John C. Calhoun. 



... 171.. 


1. 

( 

and 

William C. Smith. 




.... 7.. 

26! 

Elect.>r’l 

John Q. Adams. 

.....9.. 


....83 .. 


Votes. 

National < 

Republican ( 

and 

Richard Rush. 




..83.. 





1 

Totals. 

2 Pol. Parties. 

. 

24 | 

1,156,328 

261 1 

261 


Jackson was elected President, and 
Calhoun Vice-President. 

N. Y., Pa., Va., La., N. C., S.C., Ga., 
Ky., Tenn., Ohio, Ind., Miss., Ill., Ala. 


and Mo. voted for Jackson; N. H., 
Mass., R. I., Conn., Vt., N. J., Del. and 
Md. voted for Adams. 


1829-1831—Twenty-First Congress of the United States 

Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.55 

No. of Republicans in the Senate. 1 

No. of Democrats in the Senate.....33 

No. of Whigs in Senate. 8 

Senators, Politics Unknown.13 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.43 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep."224 

No. of Federalists in House Rep.24 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.126 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.29 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.65 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.92 


Pres., Vice-Pres . and Cabinet Officers 


President.Andrew Jackson 

Vice-President....John C. Calhoun of S. C. 
Sec’y of State.. .Martin Van Buren of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Treas.Sam’l D. Ingham of Pa. 

Sec’y of War.John H. Eaton of Tenn. 

Sec’y of Navy.John Branch ofN. C. 

Postmaster-Gen.Win. T. Barry of Ky. 

Att’y General.John W. Berrien of Ga. 


Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.Andrew Stevenson of Va. 


1831-1833—Twenty Second Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 

No. of Members in Senate.53 

No. of Democrats in Senate..30 

No of Whigs in Senate.10 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 7 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.26 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.220 

No. of Federalists in House Rep. I 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.123 

No. of Whigs in House Rep...47 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H... 49 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.94 


Pres., Vice-Pres and Cabinet Officers. 

President.Andrew Jackson 

Vice-President.. .John C. Calhoun of S. C. 
Sec’y of State....Edward Livingston of La. 

Sec’y of Treas.Louis McLane of Del. 

Sec’y of War.Lewis Cass of Mich. 

Sec’y of Navy.Levi Woodbury of N.H. 

Postmaster-Gen.Wm. F. Barry of Ky. 

Att’y General.Roger B. Taney of Md. 

Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.Andrew Stevenson of Va. 






































































Webster’s Reply to Hayne. 


65 


Important Events During the Twenty-First Congress. 


1829—The Canadian Welland Canal, 
between Lake Erie and Ontario, 
was first opened to navigation. 


1829—Webster and Hayne’s celebrated 
political debate in the United 
States Senate commenced Janu¬ 
ary 29. 


Important Events During the Twenty-Second Congress. 


1831—Mormon settlements made in 
Ohio and Missouri. 

1831—First patent issued for fluid india- 
rubber, for rendering articles 
water-proof, to George H. Rich¬ 
ards, Washington, D. C. 

1831—Fairbanks’ scales invented by 
Thaddeus Fairbanks; patented 
June 13. 

1831—National Anti-Masonic Conven¬ 
tion met at Baltimore and nomi¬ 


nated Wm. Wirt of Md.,for Presi¬ 
dent. 

1832— Brigham Young joined the Mor¬ 
mons. 

1833— Great National Temperance Con¬ 
vention held at Philadelphia, in 
May. 

1833—Hussey’s reapers first tried in 
public, July 2. 

1833—The New York Daily Sun first 
issued, Sep. 3. 


1828. Protection Opposed. The strongly protective tariff bill 
which passed Congress this year, failed to please the agriculturists of 
the country. It was highly satisfactory to the manufacturers, but the 
farmers protested against it as a “Bill of Abominations.’’ As the 
Southern States depended almost wholly upon a revenue from agri¬ 
culture, the bill failed also to satisfy them. 


1828. Pewter Muggers. A New York portion of the Democratic 
party who were opposed to Tammany candidates in 1828 . Holding 
their meetings in a Franklin St. place, over pewter mugs, the name 
was given them by their opponents. 

1828. National Republican. This party was the outgrowth of the 
liberal wing of the Democrats in 1828 . Opponents of the Jackson 
administration assumed the name and put in nomination Anti-Masons, 
to secure the votesof that party. 

1829. Webster’s Reply to Hayne. A resolution was intro¬ 
duced by Mr. Foote, of Connecticut, regarding the sales of western 
lands, and during the debate which followed, Gen. Hayne, of South 
Carolina, bitterly attacked the New England States, accusing them 
of trying to check the growth of the West in the interest of the pro¬ 
tection policy. In the course of his speech he strongly advocated the 
South and West uniting against the tariff. Mr. Webster replied in 
such a 'manner that Mr. Hayne insisted upon Mr, Webster’s presence 
the following day, and a second time savagely attacked New England, 
Massachusetts in particular, and Mr. Webster personally, and clearly 
explained the doctrine of nullification. The following day Mr. Web¬ 
ster answered General Hayne, and in a most effective manner ex¬ 
plained his understanding of the constitution. He argued that the 
constitution was a national instrument and not a compact between 
States, and clearly set forth the nature of the Union that had devel¬ 
oped under the constitution. 






66 


Anti-Masonic Convention. 


1829. Workingmen’s Party. This organization originated 
in New York with the master builders, who sought in this year 
to have a law passed giving the mechanic a more effectual lien for 
remuneration for his labor. 

1829. John Jay. Born in New York, Dec. 12 , 1745 , he gradu¬ 
ated at Columbia College in 1764 , and shortly after commenced the 
practice of law. From the beginning the question of independence 
was of great interest to him, and though in favor of it, he regarded 
the matter conservatively. He was the author of the address to the 
people of Great Britain which was adopted by the first Continental 
Congress. After being President of Congress in 1778 he was ap¬ 
pointed minister to Spain in 1780 . Afterwards he became secretary 
of foreign affairs in the United States government and was instru¬ 
mental in negotiating peace with Great Britain in 1782 . In 1794 war 
was averted with Great Britain by “Jay’s Treaty,” which fixed the 
eastern boundary of Maine and secured $ 10 , 000,000 on account of 
illegal seizures by British cruisers. He was governor of New York 
for six years and after refusing a second appointment to the chief jus¬ 
ticeship he retired from public life. He strongly supported all hu¬ 
mane movements and favored the abolition of slavery. He died at 
Bedford, N. Y., eighty-four years of age. 

1830. May 1. Pocket-veto. A new method of veto came into 
practice this year. The President could legally retain bills ten days. 
At this time President Jackson had a number of bills before him, and 
adjournment of Congress taking place before the ten days had expired 
the bills were virtually vetoed. It was a new experience, which an-< 
gered several of the advocates of the pending bills, but there was no 
redress. 

1830. An Anti-Masonic Convention was held this year in Phila¬ 
delphia which was attended by ninety-six delegates. Excepting the 
Federalists’ convention in New York in 1812 , held for the purpose of 
nominating DeWitt Clinton for the presidency, this was the first polit¬ 
ical national convention held in the United States. The convention 
adjourned to meet one year from that time for the purpose of nomi¬ 
nating a presidential candidate. 

1830. Opposition to Machinery. The hand weavers of Mana- 
yunk, Pa., rose up in opposition to a power loom which was invented 
this year by Alfred Jenks. The contemplated assault was quelled by 
a force of men under arms. 

1829. Political Removals from Office. Andrew Jackson made 
numerous changes in office for political reasons. Nearly 500 post¬ 
masters were removed to give place to others during the first year of 
Jackson’s administration. 

1830. April. “Our Federal Union, It Must be Preserved.” A 

toast given by Jefferson at a dinner given in honor of his birthday. 
Several toasts had been given in favor of the doctrine of nullification 
when Jefferson offered the above. 


- 



Beginning of Mormonism. 


67 


1830. April 6. Mormon Church Organized at Manchester, N. 
Y. Joseph Smith, an odd, singular individual, living in Palmyra, N.Y., 
who spent a large share of his time as a young man in hunting during 
the night time in that vicinity for gold, claimed to have found some 
metal plates on which were engraved what purported to be a revela¬ 
tion from the Lord. With the aid of a pair of glasses found with the 
plates he was able to translate, he claimed, the characters, which be¬ 
came the book of Mormon. The true origin of the work, it was claimed, 
was in a manuscript written by Solomon Spalding, and lost in a print¬ 
ing house in Pittsburg, where Sidney Rigdon, who was afterwards 
associated with Smith, was working at the time as an apprentice. 
This manuscript contained a pretended history of America from the 
dispersion of the nations at the Tower of Babel. It is alleged that 
through Rigdon, Smith became possessed of this manuscript and passed 
it off as a revelation. From that beginning and that assertion of 
Smith’s, about the plates, aided by the credulity of marvelously in¬ 
clined persons, came the Mormon church and the Mormon religion. 

1831. The “Liberator,” a strong anti-slavery publication, was 
established in Boston by Wm. Lloyd Garrison. 

1832. March. Government Deposits and United States 

Bank. When the United States Bank was organized, a law was 
passed providing that the government funds were to be left in the 
bank, unless otherwise ordered by the Secretary of the Treasury. In 
1832 President Jackson, who was opposed to the bank, recommended 
an investigation of the bank to ascertain if the government deposits 
were safe in the bank, which was done, and the decision reached that 
the deposits were safe. The President, however, resolved to remove 
them, and sought to have William J. Duane, who was Secretary of 
the Treasury, issue the necessary order, but without success. Du¬ 
ane resigned, and Roger B. Taney was appointed to the office, who 
at once ordered all collections to be deposited in certain State Banks, 
and the funds in the United States Bank to be withdrawn as they 
were needed. 

1832. Nullification Act. In 1832 South Carolina declared the 
tariff null and void, refused to pay any of the duties imposed there¬ 
by, and threatened to secede from the Union should any force be used 
to collect such duties. President Jackson’s firmness, however, stopped 
any such action. He placed naval and military troops along the coast 
and throughout the State, and proclaimed that the law would be en¬ 
forced. A satisfactory settlement of the difficulty was soon after 
effected by Henry Clay’s Compromise Bill. 

1832. Force Bill. Passed by Congress to enable the President 
to enforce the tariff the collection of which South Carolina had re¬ 
sisted. In 1870 and 1872 two laws were passed for the purpose of 
stopping interference in Southern elections. 



68 Twelfth Presidential Election. 


The Candidates in the Twelfth 

At the twelfth presidential election 
the candidates were Andrew Jackson, 
general and president; Martin Van 
Buren, jurist and senator; William 
Wilkins, jurist and statesman; John 
Floyd, statesman and governor; Henry 


Presidential Campaign, in 1832. 

Lee (unknown); Henry Clay, statesman 
and senator; John Sergeant, jurist and 
statesman; William Wirt, lawyer and 
cabinet officer; Amos Ellmaker (un¬ 
known). The election resulted as fol¬ 
lows: 


Nov. 1832—Twelfth Presidential Election—Jackson Again 
Chosen. Democrats Victorious. 


No. of States 
and No. of 
Electoral 
Vote*. 

Names of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 

States. 

Voting 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 
Votes 
Cast for 
President 

Electoral 
Vo»es 
Cast for 
Vice-Pres, 


f 

Andrew Jackson . 



.. 219. 



Democratic.... ■{ 

and 

Martin VanBuren. 




24 

William Wilkins. 





States, 

Entitled 

l 

S’th Carolina ( 
Democrats < 

John Floyd . 

_1.. 


.11. 


to 

288 

Elector’l 

and 

Henry Lee. 




...ii.. 

National ( 

Republican < 




49.. 


Votes. 

and 

John Sergeant . 






( 

f 

William Wirt. 

.... 1.. 

....*33,108.. 

.... 7.. 



Anti- Masonic. < 

and 

Amos Ellmaker. 




_7.. 





Totals 

4 Pol. Parties. 

. 

24 

1,250,799 

286 

! 286 


Jackson elected President, and Van 
Buren Vice-President. 

The “South Carolina Democrats” 
* were local politicians in South Caro¬ 
lina, who were known as “Nullihers,” 
for attempting to annul certain national 
laws which they deemed a curtailment 
of the rights of the State. Jackson 
promptly suppressed the rebellious 
party. 


Me., N. H., N. Y., Va„ Ga., N. J., 
Pa., N. C., Tenn., La., Miss., Ind., Ill., 
Ala., Ohio and Mo. voted for Jackson, 
and Mass., R. I., Conn., Del., Md. and 
Ky. for Clay; S. C. for Floyd, and Vt. 
for Wirt. 

Votes not cast, 2. 

*Floyd and Wirt had a popular vote, 
together, of 33,108. 


1833-1835—Twenty-Third Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.53 

No. of Democrats in Senate.26 

No. of Whigs in Senate.21 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 6 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.28 

hi House of Representatives . 

No. of Members in House Rep.261 

No of Whigs in House Rep.82 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.47 

No. of Federalists in House Rep. I 

Representatives, Politics Unknown .... 31 
No.of Lawyers in House Rep..110 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

President. Andrew Jackson 

Vice-President. .Martin Van Buren of N. Y. 

( Edward Livingston of La. 
Sec’yof State -J Louis McLane of Del. 

(John Forsyth of Ga. 

( Louis McLape of Del. 

Sec’y of Trea William J. Duane of Pa. 

( Levi Woodbury of N. H. 

Sec’y of War.'.Levi Cass of Mich. 

Sec’y of Navy 5 Levi Woodbury of N. H. 

( Mahlon Dickerson of N. J. 

Postm’r-Gon } WiIliam T - Barry of Ky. 
rostm r Gen J Amos Kennedy of Ky. 

Att’y Generals \ B °e, er B .- Taaey of Md. 

( Benjamin F.Butler of N.Y. 

Speakers House Representatives. 

.Andrew Stevenson of Va. 

.John Bell of Tenn. 

.Henry Hubbard of N. H. 




























































National Democratic Platform. 


69 


1836-1837—Twenty-Fourth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.62 

No. of Democrats in Senate.36 

No of Whigs in Senate.18 

No. Republicans in Senate. 1 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 7 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.31 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.257 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.149 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.89 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H... 19 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.105 


Important Events During 1 

1833— New York City Anti-Slavery 
Society organized, Oct. 2. 

1834— Brutal assault upon Anti-Slavery 
partisans in New York City; much 
violence existed; July 4. 

Important Events During t 

1835— The public debt of the United 
States was practically extin¬ 
guished. 

1836— Independence of Texas declared, 
March 2. 

1836— Patent Office and Post Office at 
Washington, D. C., burned Dec. 
15. 

1837— Banks in New York suspended 
payment, causing a panic and 
general stoppage of business 


Pres., Vice-Pres and Cabinet Officers. 


President.Andrew Jackson 

Vice-President...Martin VanBuren of N.Y. 

Sec’y of State.John Forsyth of Ga. 

Sec’y of Treas.Levi Woodbury of N.H. 

Sec’y of War.Lewis Cass of Mich- 

Sec’y of Navy...Mahlon Dickerson of N. J. 

Postmaster-Gen.Amos Kendall of Ky. 

Att’y General.Benj. F. Butler of N. Y. 


Speaker, House of Representatives ... 

.James K. Polk of Tenn. 

ie Twenty-Third Congress. 

1835—Richard Lawrence, insane, at¬ 
tempted to assassinate President 
Jackson. 

1835—A mob of 5,000 persons broke up 
the Boston Female Anti-Slavery 
Society, Oct. 21. 

e Twenty-Fourth Congress. 

throughout the country. Credit 
was destroyed,and even the Presi¬ 
dent’s salary could not be prompt¬ 
ly paid; speculation led to this 
result. 

1837—Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, a noted 
Abolitionist, living at Alton, Ill., 
was killed by a pro-slavery mob, 
and the material of his paper, the 
“Alton Observer,’’ was destroyed, 
Nov. 7. 


1832 . National Democratic Platform. The principles advo¬ 
cated by the Federalists,as announced in the platform adopted at the 
Hartford convention, proved unpopular, and the war of 1812 soon ter¬ 
minating, that party went out of power, large numbers of its members 
going over to the Republicans. Jefferson and Henry Clay were 
among the latter. But Clay placing a loose construction on the con¬ 
stitution, which was very warmly upheld by Jefferson, it was soon 
seen that disagreement was inevitable between these two leaders. 
Upon the election of John Quincy Adams to the presidency, Henry 
Clay was made Secretary of State. Their respective followers then 
united and became known as the National Republicans. The follow¬ 
ers of Andrew Jackson, about that time assumed the name of “Jack- 
son Men,” but soon laid this aside and adopted the name of Demo¬ 
crats, and have continued the name until the present time. Among 
other declarations in their platform in the campaign of 1832 were the 
following: 


That an adequate protection to 
American industry is indispensable to 
the prosperity of the country. 

That a uniform system of internal im¬ 
provements should be sustained. 


That the indiscriminate removal of 
public officers for a mere difference of 
political opinion is a gross abuse of 
power. 
























70 


Native American Party Organized. 


1832 . Origin of the Whig Party. Whig was first used as a 
party name by the National Republicans in 1832. A State convention 
held in New York City in 1834 gave an organized form to the Whig 
party in that State which became national in 1836, when they nomi¬ 
nated Wm. H. Harrison for the presidency. They held their first 
delegate national convention in Harrisburg, Pa., Dec. 4, 1839, nomi¬ 
nating Harrison for the campaign of 1840, in which he was elected. 

1833 . Origin of Suckers and Pukes. During a summer of 
great distress in St. Louis all the help (succor) they got came from 
Illinois. About 10 o’clock every morning they would see several 
wagons coming to town, when their dead would be buried and their 
sick attended to. The doctors as part of their treatment gave an 
emetic, and the “Pukes” needed attention. 

1835. Anti-Mason. The death of William Morgan, of Batavia, 
N. Y., a member of the Masonic fraternity, who was mysteriously 
murdered for the alleged exposure of Masonic secrets, was seized on 
for political capital and the Anti-Mason party was formed in 1827 in 
western New York. It nominated a national candidate in 1831, but 
without success. It elected its governor of Pennsylvania in 1835 and 
then merged into other parties. 

1835 . Native American Party. Organized in 1835, in opposition 
to foreigners who filled the New York division of the Democracy to the 
exclusion of native Federalists. It elected its mayor of New York in 
184*4. They advocated the extension of the Naturalization Law to 
twenty-one years, which, with other extreme measures and the strong 
opposition of Democrats and the Irish and Roman Catholic element, 
resulted in its defeat in 1846. 

1835 . Toledo War. A disagreement between the State of Ohio 
and Michigan Territory over a tract of land they both claimed. The 
national government interfered and hostilities ceased. The matter 
was settled by Michigan being admitted as a State and being given 
the Upper Peninsula for giving up her claim to the land in dispute. 

1835 . Equal Rights. Applied to those Democrats in 1835 who 
were opposed to banking institutions and monopolies; also opposed 
to legislative grants of exclusive rights to any class of men. 


1836. Whig Platform. The National Republicans at this period 
changed their name to “Whigs,’’and in their convention at Albany, 
Feb. 3, announced the following among other planks in their plat¬ 
form; 


Opposition to Martin Van Buren and 
the Baltimore nominees. 

That Martin Van Buren has set an 
example dangerous to our freedom. 


That the support we render to W. H. 
Harrison is by no means given to him 
solely on account of his brilliant and 
successful services. 




Nicholas Biddle’s United States Bank. 71 


1836. Loco-Foco. Owing to a division in the Democratic 
party on account of the nomination of Gideon Lee as the Democratic 
candidate for Congress, there was great opposition to his confirmation, 
and during the meeting for that purpose at Tammany Hall his op¬ 
ponents extinguished the lights. His friends, however, were prepared 
for this, having provided themselves with Loco-foco matches and 
candles, and the room was soon relighted. The Anti-Monopolists, or 
Lee's friends, were afterwards referred to as Loco-focos. 

1836. July. John Adams. Born at Braintree, Massachusetts, 
Oct. 19, 1735. After graduating at Harvard College he commenced 
the practice of law, and was elected to the Massachusetts Legislature 
in 1770. He was appointed minister of the United States to France 
in 1777 and the same position to England in 1785. Returning to 
America in 1788, he was elected Vice-President, and in 1797 became 
President, defeating Jefferson by a majority of three electoral votes. 
His administration caused considerable dissatisfaction, owing to the 
passage of the alien and sedition laws, and his policy toward France, 
which divided his party and caused his defeat at the next election, 
Jefferson being elected. He was one of those who signed the Decla¬ 
ration of Independence. He died July 4, 1826. 

1836. Whigs. Originally a term of reproach given by the court 
party in the reign of Charles II. to their antagonists. It was first used 
in the National party in 1836,and applied to those who held to the old 
Federal principles and what was left of the Republican party of 1833 
and the remaining Anti-Masons. In the election of 1848 they gained 
considerable strength by nominating a Mexican war soldier (Taylor), 
thereby adding to their ranks the anti-slavery and conservative ele¬ 
ment. 


1836. Loco-Foco Platform. The radical faction of the Demo¬ 
cratic party in January of this year met in New York and, among other 
opinions expressed, announced the following: 


That the true foundation of republi¬ 
can government is the equal rights of 
every citizen in his person and prop¬ 
erty and in their management. 

Unqualified hostility to bank notes 
and paper money as a circulating 
medium, because gold and silver is the 


only safe aijd constitutional currency; 
hostility to any and all monopolies by 
legislation. 

That each and every law or act 
of incorporation, passed by preced¬ 
ing legislatures,can be rightfully altered 
and repealed by their successors. 


1836. Nicholas Biddle’s United States Bank. Name given 
the second United States Bank, after it was re-chartered. It paid the 
State of Pennsylvania $ 2 , 000,000 for the charter. In 1828 the stock 
was quoted at 125, and in 1841, when the bank failed, had dropped to 
3 X- 

1836. July 1. Founding of the Smithsonian Institution. A 

bequest left by James Smithson of England “for the diffusion of 
knowledge” was accepted by Congress. The amount at first was 
$575,169. This was the beginning of the Smithsonian Institution at 
Washington, D. C. 




72 


Thirteenth Presidential Election 


The Candidates in the Thirteenth Presidential Campaign, in 1836. 


At the thirteenth presidential election 
the candidates were Martin Van Buren, 
jurist and senator; Richard M. John¬ 
son, lawyer and senator; WilliamSinith, 
jurist and senator; Hugh L. White; 
Willie P. Mangutn,lawyer and senator; 


John Tyler, congressman and governor; 
Wm. H. Harrison, general and senator; 
Francis Granger, lawyer and congress¬ 
man; Daniel Webster, lawyer and sena¬ 
tor, The election resulted as follows: 


November, 1836—Thirteenth Presidential Election—Van Buren 
Chosen. Democrats Victorious. 


No of States 

and No of 
Electoral 
Votes. 

Names of the 
Political Parties id 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total | 
Popular 
Vote. 

Electoral 

Votes 

Cast for 
President. 

Eleetoral 
Voles 
Cast lor 
Vice-Pre*. 




Martin Van Buren. 

... 15.. 

...761,549 

.... 170.. 


20 


and 

Richard M. Johnson. 



... 147.. 

Democratic.... 


William Smith. 




_23.. 

Entitled 

to 

294 


Hugh L. White. 







Willie P. Mangum. 



.... 11.. 




John Tyler. 




... 47.. 

Elector’l 

Votes. 

Whig. 


Wm. H. Harrison. 

and 

... 7.. 

..*736,656 

.... 73 

77.. 



. 


.. 1.. 


.... 14 








* 

Totals. | 

2 Pol. Parties. 


» 

1 26 

1,498,205 

| 294 

294 


Van Buren elected President and 
Johnson Vice-President. 

Me., N. H., R. I., Conn., N. Y., Pa., 
Va., N. C., La., Miss., Ill., Ala., Mo . 
Ark. and Mich, voted for VanBuren; 
Vt., N. J., Del., Md., Ky., Ohio and 


Ind., for Harrison; Mass, for Webster; 
Ga. and Tenn. for White; S. C. for 
Mangum. 

*736,656 votes were cast for Harrison, 
White, Webster and Mangum together. 


1837-1839—Twenty-Fifth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.58 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 39 

No. of Whigs in Senate.15 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 4 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.30 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.260 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.137 

Nq. of Whigs in House Rep.110 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.13 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.110 


Pres., Vice-Pres, and Cabinet Officers. 


President.Martin Van Buren 

Vice-President,Richard M. Johnson of Ky. 

Sec’y of State.John Forsyth of Ga. 

Sec’y of Treas.Levi Woodbury of N. H. 

Sec’y of War.Joel R. Poinsett of S.C. 


q ,, vTrt.... I Mahlon Dickerson c 
Sec’y of Navy j James K . Paulding 

Postmaster-Gen. j j 


Dickerson of Tenn. 

_ of N.Y. 

Amos Kendall of Ky. 

M. Niles of Conn, 
i Benj. F. Butler of N. Y. 

< Felix Grundy of Tenn. 
Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.James K. Polk of Tenn. 


Att’y Generals 
































































Agitation of the Slavery Question. 


73 


1839-1841—Twenty-Sixth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.60 

No. of Democrats in Senate.38 

No. of Whigs in Senate.20 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 2 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.35 


In House of Representatives . 


No. of Members in House Rep.258 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.131 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.115 

No. Republicans in House Rep. 1 

Representatives, Politics Unknown. 11 

No.of Lawyers in House Rep.118 


Pres., Vice-Pres, and Cabinet Officers. 

President. Martin Van Buren. 

Vice-President. .Richard M. Johnson of Ky. 

Sec’y of State.John Forsyth ofGa. 

Sec’y of Treas... .Levi Woodbury of N. H. 

Sec’y of War.Joel R.Poinsett of S.C. 

Sec’y of Navy. .James K. Paulding of N. Y. 

„ \ Amos Kendall of Ky. 

Po. tm r Gen j jgjm jyi t Niles of Conn. 

Att’v Generals J Fellx Grundy of Tenn. 

Att y Generals} Henry D Gjlpin of Pa 

Speaker, House Representatives. 

.Robert M. T. Hunter of Va. 


Important Events During the Twenty-Fifth Congress. 

1837—“Sons of Liberty” rebellion in j 1838—Pennsylvania Hall at Philadel- 
Canada. : phia, in which an anti-slavery 

• meeting convened, was burned 

by a mob, May 17. 


Important Events During the Twenty-Sixth Congress. 


1839—The Whig party made its first 
nomination for President and 
Vice-President of the United 
States, Dec. 4. Harrison and 
Tyler were nominated and elected. 

1839— The Mormons, driven from Mis¬ 
souri, founded the city of Nau- 
voo, Ill. 

1840— Six topers at Baltimore, Md., 
founded the famous temperance 
society known as “Washing¬ 
tonians,” April 2. 


1840— The population of the United 
States was 17,069,453. 

1841— Imprisonment for debt abolished 
in the United States, so far as 
.liability to the government was 
concerned. 

1841—The New York Tribune, with 500 
subscribers, was first issued, by 
Horace Greeley, April 10. 


1836 . Abolition Agitation. A delegation this year appeared 
before the Massachusetts legislature to secure the influence of the 
State towards the abolition of slavery. Little was accomplished. 
Agitation was also rife in Congress at this time in consequence of the 
distribution of abolition documents through the mails in the South. 
Charleston had become so much excited in consequence of the spread 
thus of abolition sentiment that President Jackson had called the at¬ 
tention of Congress to the necessity of prohibiting such incendiary 
documents from going through the mails. The right to the use of the 
mails by the Abolitionists was, however, continued, notwithstanding 
the argument that the spread of abolition literature was liable to 
arouse the slaves to insurrection. 
























74 Santa Anna Defeated. Texas Independent. 


1836 . David Crockett was born at Limestone, Tenn., Aug. 17, 
1786, of Irish parents. Was a hunter by instinct; and after his mar¬ 
riage, took naturally to pioneer life in the extreme parts of the State. 
Had a limited education, but being a superior story teller, was elected 
by the drovers and hunters several times to the legislature. Was 
elected to Congress in 1827, and was twice re-elected. Was in the 
field in behalf of Texan independence, among his last brave acts be¬ 
ing the defense of Fort Alamo,in which he and his party fought in 
vain. Crockett was one of the six survivors who were ordered to be 
shot by Santa Anna. Thus this brave man died. To him was as¬ 
cribed the popular saying, “Be sure you are right, then go ahead.” 

1836 . April 21 . Defeat of Santa Anna. A force of volunteers, 

under General Sam Houston, and a Mexican army of 1,600 regular 
troops under Santa Anna fought the battle of San Jacinto at this date. 
The Mexicans were utterly routed, losing 630 killed and many more 
by capture. “Remember the Alamo,” was the cry of the Texans, 
and nerved thus to avenge the death cf their comrades, they fought 
with desperation. The next day the Independence of Texas was rec¬ 
ognized through a treaty made with Santa Anna, who was present in 
disguise and protected by General Houston from the Texans, who 
sought the life of the one who had never spared life among the Tex¬ 
ans when opportunity offered to massacre and kill. 

1836 . May 26 . Gag Rule. The United States House of Rep¬ 
resentatives at this time adopted Pinckney’s gag rule, which was to 
lay all petitions relating to slavery on the table without reference to 
committees or other considerations Other like measures were adopted 
in 1837, 1838, 1840 and 1841. Out of these proceedings came the ef¬ 
fort of John Quincy Adams on the “Right of Petition,” the rule at one 
time being to entirely suppress all petitions and memorials to Con¬ 
gress. 

1836 . June 26 . James Madison died at his home in Virginia 
at the ripe age of eighty-five. He was well born and had the advan¬ 
tage of passing his youth, until the age of eighteen, amid the refinements 
of a cultured home, his studies being prosecuted under the guidance 
of a tutor. Graduated in 1771 from Princeton College and subsequently 
studied law and theology. Was in the Virginia convention in 1776, 
but was defeated the next year because he refused to treat the voters. 
Was a member of the Continental Congress in 1780, and in 1787, at 
the Philadelphia convention, his views, which made the framework 
of the United States constitution, were adopted. Represented Virginia 
in the National Congress from 1789 to 1797. Was elected President 
in 1809, served two terms and retired to Montpelier, his country estate 
in Virginia, where he lived in quiet retirement the nineteen succeeding 
years. Was a very excellent and able man, who honored every posi¬ 
tion he filled. 

1836 . Oct. 22 . Republic of Texas. General Sam Houston 
was inaugurated president of the Republic of Texas. 



Financial Panic and the Banks. 


75 


1836. Specie Required in Payment for Public Lands. At this 
time the treasury vaults having a large amount of paper money in 
store, the Secretary of the Treasury gave orders through a circular 
sent out to the different land offices, to take in payment for land only 
specie until further orders. This aroused a suspicion as to the real 
worth of the paper money then in circulation and, it was claimed, 
brought on the financial panic of the next year. 

1837. April 19. Santa Anna President of Mexico. Santa 
Anna returned to Mexico at this time in a United States ship of war, 
and regained his power as a revolutionary president, General Busta- 
mente, who had been elected, being deposed. 

1837. Financial Panic of 1837. For some years previous to 
this,credit had been widely extended, importations were heavy, in ex¬ 
pectation of higher tariff rates to come, prices had been advancing 
and speculation had been active. It was then that doubt began to be 
expressed concerning certain banks. A run on them began, and the 
banks of New York suspended. The refusal and inability of these 
moneyed institutions to supply money when needed, compelled the 
shutting down of manufactories, prices of all kinds declined, and 
thousands were bankrupted. The wealthy classes who had their 
money in readiness at this time were able to buy the properties of the 
poor at an immense sacrifice and were thereby enabled to enormously 
increase their fortunes. The general shutting down of the banks at 
this period made it possible for many men to become millionaires in a 
brief time. 

1838. Oct. 3. Blackhawk. This celebrated Indian chief,born 
at the Sac village at the mouth of the Rock River in Illinois, died at this 
date, aged seventy-one years. His father, an Indian chief, died when 
Blackhawk was twenty years old and on the son devolved immediately 
the government of the tribe, including the Sacs and Fox Indians,num¬ 
bering, at the time, about 3,000 persons. Possessed of fine personal 
appearance and great bravery, Blackhawk became a noted leader among 
the Indians. By a treaty made in 1832 at Prairie du Chien, the Sacs, 
Foxes and other tribes agreed to give up their lands east of the Mis¬ 
sissippi, but some of the Indians refused to comply with the terms, 
and among them was Blackhawk, who,at the head of a- number who 
were dissatisfied, brought on the Blackhawk war. Blackhawk’s forces 
were finally cut to pieces in the valley of the Wisconsin, though he 
himself escaped. He was afterwards captured by two Winnebago 
Indians who were sent for him. He made a powerful plea in behalf 
of the Indians at this time. He was kept in St. Louis during the 
winter, and afterwards was taken to Washington, where, it is claimed, 
in an interview with President Jackson, he said, “I am a man and you 
are another.” After being shown the strength of the government at 
Washington he was returned, with his companions, to the lands as¬ 
signed to him in Iowa, and there he peacefully lived until the time of 
his death. 



76 


Fourteenth Presidential Election. 


The Candidates in the Fourteenth Presidential Campaign, 1840. 


At the fourteenth presidential elec¬ 
tion the candidates were William H. 
Harrison, general and senator; John 
Tyler, lawyer and governor; Martin 
Van Buren, jurist and senator; Rich¬ 
ard M. Johnson, lawyer and senator; L. 


W. Tazewell, lawyer and governor; 
James K. Polk, lawyer and governor; 
James G. Birney, lawyer and states¬ 
man; Thomas Earle, lawyer and states¬ 
man. The election resulted as follows: 


Nov. 1840—Fourteenth Presidential Election—Harrison Chosen. 

Whigs Victorious. 


No. of States 
end No. of 
E'ectoral 
Votes. 

Names of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 
Votes 
Cast for 
President. 

Electoral 
Votes 
Cast for 
Vice-Pres, 

20 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

294 

Elector’l 

Votes. 

f / 

Whig.) 

Democratic.... 

^Liberty.j 

William H. Harrison., 
and 

John Tyler. 

...19,. 

. 1,275,017.. 

.. 234.. 

...234.. 

Martin Van Buren. 

and 

Richard M. Johnson .... 

.7.. 

..1,128,702.. 

....60.. 

.48.. 

L. W. Tazewell. 




.11.. 

James K. Polk. 





James G. Birney. 

and 

1 Thomas Earle. 



.... 0.. 



Totals. | 3 Pol. Parties. 1... 1 26 | 2,410,778 | 294 | 294 


Harrison elected President, and 
Tyler Vice-President. 

Mr. Tyler succeeded to the Presi¬ 
dency upon the death of President 
Harrison, April 4, 1841, serving until 
March 3, 1845. 


Me., Mass., R. I., Conn., Vt., N. Y., 
N. J., Pa., Del., Md., N. C., Ga., Ky., 
Tenn., Ohio, La., Miss., Ind. and 
Mich, voted for Harrison; N. H., Va., 
S.C., Ill., Ala., Mo. and Ark. voted 
for Van Buren. 


1841-1843—Twenty-Sixth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.59 

No. of Democrats in Senate.30 

No. of Whigs in Senate.26 

Senators, Politics Unknown .3 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.,.36 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.257 

No. of Abolitionists in House Rep.. 1 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.108 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.137 

No. Republicans in House Rep. 2 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.... 9 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.114 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

President...William H. Harrison 

and 

John Tyler 

Vice President.John Tyler of Va. 


Sec’y of State.Daniel Webster of Mass. 

Sec’y of Trea \ Thoma8 E win gof Ohio. 

I Walter Forwa rd of Pa. 

Sec’y of War 5 ® el L of Tdnn - 

JJohn C. Spencer of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Navy 5 9?°}’?? Badger of N. C. 
J Abel P. Upshur of Va. 

5 Francis Granger of N. Y. 
Postmaster-Gen J Clms A wiekliffe of Ky. 

Att’v Generals 5 John J - Crittenden of Ky. 
Att y oenerais, Hugh g Legare of s . c 

Speaker, House Representatives. 

..John White of Ky. 




















































important Events From 1843 to 1845. 


77 


1843-1845—Twenty Eighth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate. 59 

No. of Democrats in Senate.32 

No. of Whigs in Senate.24 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 3 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.38 


In House of Representatives. 


No. of Members in House Rep.237 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.146 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.84 

No. of Abolitionists in House Rep. 1 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H... 6 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep. 93 


Pres., Vice-Pres and Cabinet Officers. 
President.John Tyler 


Vice-President.... .W 
, Hugh S 

Sec’y of State 


P. Mangum of N. O. 

Legare of S. C. 

Abel P. Upsnur of Va. 

John C. Calhoun of S. C. 

Spo’v nf Trosa 5 Walter Forward of Pa. 
sec y or r reas. j George M Bibb of Ky 

t John C Spencer of N. Y. 

Sec y of War. f William Wilkins of Pa# 

f Abel P. Upshur of Va. 

Seo’v nf Nnw l David Henshaw of Mass. 
Secyot >avy < Thomas W. Gilmer ot Va. 

(John V. Mason of Va. 
Postmaster-Gen. .Chas. A.Wiekliffe of Ky. 

Att’y General j of S. C. 

( John Nelson of Md. 

Speaker, House of Representatives ... 

... John W. Jones of Va. 

.George W. Hopkins of Va. 


Important Events During th 

1841— The model of a revolving turret 
for naval vessels, the idea of 
which was carried out in building 
the celebrated “Monitor” by 
Capt. Ericsson, was constructed 
by its inventor, Theodore R. 
Quimby, of New York. 

1842— The first patent for a sewing- 
machine was taken out by John). 
Greenough, Feb. 21, but the 
machine was impracticable. 
Howe’s patent was issued about 
four years later. 


Important Events During th 

1844—Joseph Smith, the founder of the 
Mormon Church, was shot by a 
mob at Carthage, Ill., June 27. 

1844—Fourteen persons were killed and 
about 40 wounded in a riot be¬ 
tween “Native American” politi¬ 
cians and foreigners at Philadel¬ 
phia, in May. 

1844—A large cannon,known as “Peace¬ 
maker,” while being tried on the 
U. S steam-frigate “Princeton,” 
on the Potomac river, exploded 
and killed Abel P. Upshur, Sec’y 
of State, and Thos. W. Gilmer, 
Sec’y Navy, besides injuring 18 
others, Feb. 28. 

1844—The United States recognized the 
independence of the Sandwich 
Islands, July 6, 


Twenty-Seventh Congress. 

1842— John C. Fremont explored the 
Rocky Mountain region under the 
authority of the United States 
government. 

1843— Under government aid and pat¬ 
ronage, Prof. Morse established 
an experimental telegraph line. 

1843—General Fremont made his 

second exploration of the Rocky 
Mountain region. 

1843— Bunker Hill Monument, near 
Boston, was dedicated; Daniel 
Webster delivered the oration, 
June 17. 

Twenty-Eighth Congress. 

1844— A commercial treaty between the 
United States and China was 
concluded. 

1844— Riots in Philadelphia, Pa.,in May 
and July, resulted in the destruc¬ 
tion of Roman Catholic churches. 

1845— France and England declare war 
upon the Argentine Republic, S. 
A. 

1845—The naval school of the United 
States government was opened 
at Annapolis, Md., Oct. 10. 

1845—The celebrated “Anti-Rent” dis¬ 
turbances began on the Van 
Rensselaer estate, near Albany, 
N. Y,, the tenants resisting the 
collection of their rents; the mili¬ 
tary and police forces, however, 
with some loss of life, overcame 
the rioters and restored peace. 




















78 


Democratic Principles in i84o. 


1838. April. Fifteen Gallon Law. In order to check the growing 
habit of intemperance, resulting from irresponsible venders in liquors, 
a law was passed by the Massachusetts legislature allowing liquors to 
be sold only by druggists and then only in quantities not less than 
fifteen gallons at a time. 

1838. The Removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to 
the lands west of the Mississippi was made at this time, much against 
the wishes of the Indians who had begun to cultivate the soil. The 
removal was effected by the aid of several thousand troops under 
General Scott. 


1838. Republic of Texas. Came under the control of M. B. 
Lamar, who succeeded Houston to the presidency. 

1839. Political Abolition in Massachusetts. Another society 
for the abolition of slavery was organized this year in Massachusetts, 
for the purpose of taking political action on the subject. William 
Lloyd Garrison, of the older Massachusetts abolition organization, 
had considered voting upon the subject of slavery a sin, with the 
present legal guards thrown around slavery. 

1839. Department of Agriculture. The $i,ooo appropriated this 
year, to be used for the advancement of agriculture, was the begin¬ 
ning of expenditure in behalf of this industry, which ini862 had grown 
to such dimensions as to require an annual appropriation of $6o,ooo. 
In 1862 also a new department of the government was organized, 
namely, the department of Agriculture. 

1839. Nov. 13. Liberty Party Convention. James G. Birney 
of New York, and Francis J. Lemoyne of Pennsylvania, were made 
candidates at Warsaw, N. Y., at this time by the Liberal Party, for 
positions of President and Vice-President of the United States. 


1840. President Republic of Texas. David G. Burnett was 
made acting president of this Republic for one year. 


1840. Democratic Platform. 

Democrats held at Baltimore, May 
the principles declared: 

That the Federal Government is one 
of limited powers, derived solely from 
the constitution. 

That the constitution does not confer 
power to commence and carry on inter¬ 
nal improvements. 

That the constitution does not confer 
authority to assume the debts of the 
several States contracted for local inter¬ 
nal improvements. 

That justice and sound policy forbid 
the Federal Government to foster one 
branch of industry to the detriment of 
another, that every citizen and every 
section of the country has a right to de¬ 
mand aud insist upon an equality of 
rights and privileges. 


At the national convention of 
5, 1840, the following were among 

That it is the duty of the government 
to practice the most rigid economy. 

That Congress has no power to char¬ 
ter a United States Bank. 

That Congress has no power under the 
constitution to interfere with or con¬ 
trol the domestic institutions of the 
several States. 

That the separation of the moneys 
of the government from banking institu¬ 
tions is indispensable for the safety of 
the funds of the government and the 
rights of the people 

That every attempt to abridge the 
privilege of becoming citizens and 
owners of soil among us ought to be re¬ 
sisted. 




Imprisoned Five Years for Aiding Slaves. 79 


1840. The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was 

organized this year in New York, as an offspring from the older abo¬ 
lition society in that city, in a manner similar to the second abolition 
society formed in Boston. Arthur Tappan became president of the 
new society. 

1840. Sub-Treasuries. A bill for the separating of the moneys 
of the United States from the money of private banking institutions, 
was passed this year. The bill provided for the keeping of the U. S. 
moneys in the treasury at Washington and in sub-treasuries located in 
several of the large cities of the country. 

1840 States Without Slaves. In the census taken this year 
the only States found in the twenty-five States in the Union at that 
time, in which there were no slaves, were Maine, Massachusetts, Ver¬ 
mont and Michigan. At this time there were in the reputed free States 
1,129 slaves. In the slave States there were 2,486,126 slaves. 

1841. William Henry Harrison died April 4 in this year, four 
weeks after his inauguration as President of the United States, at the 
age of sixty-eight years. He was born at Berkeley, Va., Feb. 9, 1773. 
Graduated at Hampden Sidney college and entered upon the study 
of medicine, when, upon the breaking out of Indian troubles, he en¬ 
listed in the ranks in defense of his country, being at that time nineteen 
years old. Was gradually promoted, until he became aid to General 
Wayne; resigned his commission at the time of Wayne’s death and 
was made governor of Indiana. Was subsequently successful in 
command against the Indians at the battle of Tippecanoe. Was a 
Major-General in the war of 1812. Resigned in 1814. Was a repre¬ 
sentative in Congress in 1816, a senator in 1825 and a minister to the 
republic of Colombia, S. A., in 1828, from which position he was 
recalled by President Jacksoh and went into retirement on his farm in 
Ohio, where he remained until elected to the presidency. 

1841. July. Imprisoned for Aiding Slaves. Alanson Work, 
James E. Burr and George Thompson had the reputation of aiding 
slaves in their endeavor to escape from bondage. Crossing the Mis- 
sissippi River from Quincy into Missouri, the trio were arrested and 
sentenced to prison for twelve years, but through good conduct re¬ 
gained their freedom after five years of confinement. 

1841. Emigration from Europe Systematized. A continental 
express line was established by William F. Harnden, the special 
object of which was to facilitate the emigration of laborers into the 
United States. Through his efforts, it was claimed, over 30,000 Eu¬ 
ropean workmen per year found new opportunity to labor in the 
United States during the succeeding three years. 

1841. Houston Again Became President of the Republic of 
Texas. 



8o 


Fifteenth Presidential Election 


The Candidates in the Fifteenth Presidential Campaign, in 1844. 


At the fifteenth presidential election 
the candidates were James K. Polk, 
lawyer and governor; George M. Dal¬ 
las, lawyer and statesman; Henry Clay, 
lawyer and statesman; Theodore 


Frelinghuysen, lawyer and statesman; 
James G.Birney, lawyer and statesman; 
Thomas Morris, jurist and senator. 
The election resulted as follows: 


November, 1844—Fifteenth Presidential Election—Polk Chosen. 

Democrats Victorious. 


No of State* 
and No of 
Electoral 
Votes. 


Names of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 


26 

States, 

Entitled 


to 

275 


Elector’] 

Votes. 


Democratic.... 

Whig.. 

Liberty 



Totals. | 3 Pol. Parties. 


Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 
Votes 
Cant for 
President. 

El«<tor*l 
VoM 
Cast for 
Vice-Pres t 

James K. Polk. 

... 15 . 

.1,337,243 

....170.. 


and 

George M. Dallas. 



... 170.. 

Henry Clay. 

. ...11.. 

.1,299,068 

.. 105 


and 

Theo. Frelinghuysen.... 



..105.. 

James G. Birney. 

.... 0.. 

....62,300 

.0.. 


and 

Thomas Morris. 




0.. 







| 26 | 2,698,611 | 275 I 275 


Polk elected President, and Dallas 
Vice-President. 

Me., N. H., N. Y., Pa., Va., S. C„ 
Ga., La., Mo., Miss., Ind., Ill., Ala., 


Mich, and Ark. voted for Polk, and 
Mass., R. I., Conn., Vt., N. J., Del., 
Md., N. C., Ky., Tenn. and Ohio for 
Clay. 


1845-1847—Twenty-Ninth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members In Senate.64 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 36 

No. of Whigs in Senate.23 

No. Republicans in Senate. 2 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 3 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.38 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.240 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.141 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 78 

No. of Native Americans in House Rep... 6 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.15 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.103 


Pres., Vice-Pres, and Cabinet Officers, 

President.James K. Polk 

Vice-President_George M. Dallas of Pa. 


Sec’y of State.James Buchanan of Pa. 

Sec’y of Treas... .Rob’t J. Walker of Miss. 
Sec’y of War....William L. Marcy of N.Y. 


Sec’y of Navy 


i George Bancroft of Mass. 
\ John Y. Mason of Va. 


Postmaster-Gen.Cave Johnson of Tenn 


Att’y 


Generals 


John Y. Mason of Va. 
Nathan Clifford of Me. 


Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.John W. Davis of Ind. 


1847-1849—Thirtieth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.70 

No. of Democrats in Senate.43 

No. of Whigs in Senate.23 

No. of Republicans in the Senate.2 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 2 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.39 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.238 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.'..Ill 

No. c*’ Democrats in House Rep.109 

No. Republicans in House Rep. I 

No. of Native Americans in House Rep... 1 

Representatives, Politics Unknown. 16 

No.of Lawyers in House Rep...115 


Pres ., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

President. James K. Polk 

Vice-President.George M. Dallas of Pa. 

Sec’y of State.James Buchanan of Pa. 

Sec’y of Treas... .Rob’t J. Walker of Miss. 

Sec’y of War....William I,. Marcy of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Navy.John Y. Mason of Va. 

Postmaster-Gen.Cave Johnson of Tenn. 

Att’v Generals 5 Nathan Clifford of Me. 
y uenerais J Isaac Toucey of Conn> 

Speakers House Representatives. 

.Rob’t C. Winthrop of Mass. 

.Armistead Burt of S. C. 







































































Important Events in the War with Mexico. 81 


Important Events During the Twenty-Ninth Congress. 


1845— General Taylor, with about 4,000 
troops, was stationed at Corpus 
Christi, Texas, to resist Mexican 
outrages. 

1846— The first loss of life in the Mexi¬ 
can troubles occurred on the 
Texas border, March 28. 

1846—War was declared against Mexico 
by the United States, May 11. 

1846—General Taylor invaded Mexico 
with his army, May 18. 

1846—Mexico declared war upon the 
United States, May 23. 

1846—The Northwestern boundary be¬ 
tween the United States and the 
British Possessions was estab¬ 
lished, June 15. 

1846—Hon. David Wilmot introduced 
his famous “Wilmot Proviso’’ 
into Congress, that no slavery 
should exist in any new territory 
acquired by the United States. It 
assed the House, but failed to 
ecome a law. 

1846— New Tariff Laws passed by Con¬ 
gress, July 3. 

1847— First newspaper published at San 
Francisco, Cal., the “California 
Star," Jan. 9. 

1847—The battle of Buena Vista, be¬ 
tween 20,000 Mexicans, under 
Santa Anna, and 5,000 Americans, 
under General Taylor,was fought, 
lasting all day, with a loss of 
2,000 Mexicans and 746 Ameri¬ 
cans, Feb. 23. 


1847—The United States Congress ap¬ 
propriated funds for the life-sav¬ 
ing service at lighthouse stations 
on American coasts, March 3. 

1847—General Scott’s victory at Cerro 
Gordo, Mexico, April 18. 

1847—Battle of Contreras, Mexico, be¬ 
tween the American troops under 
General Smith, and the Mexican 
army, 6,000 strong, under General 
Valencia; the Americans captured 
80 officers, 2,000 private soldiers 
and 33 cannon, Aug. 21. 

1847—Battle of Molinos del Rey, be¬ 
tween 4,000 Americans and 14,- 
000 Mexicans under Santa Anna. 
After a short but bloody fight, the 
Mexicans were driven from their 
positions, with a loss of 6,000men; 
American loss, 800 men, Septem¬ 
ber 8. 

1847—General Scott, with his troops, as¬ 
saulted the castle of Chapultepec, 
the last stronghold of the Mexi¬ 
cans in the vicinity of the City of 
Mexico, and routed the Mexican 
forces with great slaughter, Sep¬ 
tember 13. 

1847—General Scott captured the City 
of Mexico, Sept. 14. 


Important Events During the Thirtieth Congress. 


1847—Vera Cruz, Mexico, invested by 
General Scott and Commodore 
Connor, March 9. Surrender of 
Vera Cruz and San Juan D’Ulloa 
to the Americans, March 29. 

1847—Battle of Contreras, Mexico, 
General Scott defeating General 
Valencia, Aug. 19 and 20. 

1847— Battle of Cherubusco, Mexico, 
General Scott defeating Santa 
Anna, Aug. 20. 

1848— First nomination for President of 
the United States made by the 
Free-Soil Party—Martin Van 
Buren nominated—at Buffalo, N. 
Y. 

1848—California, Nevada, Utah, New 
Mexico, Arizona, etc., ceded by 
Mexico to the United States. 


1848—Gold discovered in California, 
Jan. 19, 

1848—A treaty of peace signed by the 
United States and Mexico, Feb. 
2 and March 10. 

1848—French Revolution; King Louis 
Phillippe abdicates the throne, 
Feb. 24. 

1848— A commercial treaty between the 
United States and Austria effec¬ 
ted, May 8. 

1849— Corner-stone of the Washington 
Monument laid at Washington, 
D. C., July 4. 

1849—Treaty between the United States 
and Brazil, in settlement of 
claims, effected. 

1849—The Government established the 
Department of the Interior, Mar. 
3 . 






82 Colored People Mobbed. 


1841 . United States Bank Veto. President Tyler had vetoed 
a bill for a United States Bank. He was then asked to designate the 
kind of bank bill he would favor. He did so. Another bill was 
prepared, passed by Congress, and he vetoed that. Every member of 
his cabinet then resigned except Daniel Webster, and the Whigs 
came out in an address and renounced him. The few men in Con¬ 
gress who supported him were known as “The Corporal’s Guard.’’ 

1842 . Improved Firearms for the United States Soldiers 

came this year in the percussion locks introduced for the benefit of 
the United States Infantry. 

1842 . High Protective Tariff. A new tariff bill passed at 
this time greatly reduced the number of articles that could be import¬ 
ed free of duty, and placed a tariff duty of 33 per cent on the average 
on dutiable articles coming into the country from abroad. Business 
had been depressed since 1837, and with the passage of this tariff 
law manufacturing interests of all kinds revived and the country en¬ 
tered upon an era of prosperity. 

1842 . Rebellion in Rhode Island. Thomas W. Dorr was elect¬ 
ed by a large number of people in the State who wished to have an¬ 
other constitution, in which no property qualification should be re¬ 
quired of voters. As Dorr’s election by voters not properly qualified 
was declared illegal, his usurpation of the governorship was resisted 
and a hotly contested battle seemed imminent. The Dorrites were, 
however, suppressed without violence. Dorr, being tried, was sen¬ 
tenced for life, but was pardoned five years afterwards. 

1842. Aug. 1. Colored People Mobbed. While attempting to 
celebrate the anniversary of the emancipation of the slaves in the 
West Indies in Philadelphia, by a public procession at this date, the 
colored people were mobbed for two days, several of their homes, one 
hall, and a church being destroyed. No attempt was made by the 
city authorities to suppress the rioting. 

1842. Last of the Seminoles. The war among the Seminole 
Indians, which had continued for seven years, was ended this year, 
by the capture, death and removal of the Indians. During the con¬ 
flicts 1,500 whites had been killed and $10,000,000 had been ex¬ 
pended. 

1842. Aug. 9. Ashburton Treaty. This was a treaty completed 
at this time and signed at Washington by Lord Ashburton for En¬ 
gland, and Daniel Webster, acting for the United States, in which the 
northeastern boundary of the United States, between Maine and New 
Brunswick, was established. 

1844 . Barn-Burners.These left the Democratic party in 1844, 
and joined the Free-Soilers. The name Barn-Burners is derived from 
the story of a Dutchman who ridded his barns of rats by burning them 
down, the Barn-Burners advocating the extermination of banks and 
corporations to root out the abuses it was alleged they exercised. 



Sketch of Andrew Jackson. 


83 


1844 . Whig Platform. The Whigs met in convention at Balti¬ 
more, May i, and among other declarations announced as follows: 


That these principles may be sum¬ 
med as comprising a well regulated 
national currency; tariff for revenue 
to defray the necessary expenses of the 
government; protection of the domestic 
labor of the country; the distribution of 
the proceeds from the sales of the pub¬ 


lic lands; a single term for the presi¬ 
dency, a reform of executive usurpa¬ 
tions, and such an administration of the 
affairs of the country as shall impart to 
every branch of the public service the 
greatest practical efficiency, controlled 
by a well regulated and wise economy. 


1844. Anti-Renters. Organized in the State of New York in 
1844; they disapproved of physical opposition to the laws authorizing 
summary collection of rent. They were against the Whigs and 
Democrats in 1850. 


1845. Annexation of Texas to the United States took place this 
year, by the signing of a bill by the President to that effect. The 
Mexican government was vexed because of this annexation of Texas 
to the United States. At the time of annexation Texas had a popula¬ 
tion of 810,218 and a debt of $7,500,000. 

1845. August. Trouble with Mexico. General Taylor was or¬ 
dered to take up his headquarters at Corpus Christi, Texas, with 4,000 
men, in anticipation of war with Mexico. 


1845. Attempted Monarchy in Mexico. General Paredes, in 
command of the army of Mexico, became president and attempted to 
crush republican principles and government. 

1845. June 8. Andrew Jackson, seventh President, served eight 
years. Born in Mecklenburg County, N.C., March 15, 1767; became 
a lawyer; settled at Nashville, Tenn., in 1791; became district attor¬ 
ney of the State; in 1795 was elected the first congressman from Ten¬ 
nessee; in 1797 was chosen United States Senator; resigned his seat 
the following spring, and was elected a justice of the supreme court 
of Tennessee by the legislature; resigned in 1804; in 1812 commanded 
a detachment of the Tennessee militia; became a major-general in 
1814, and January 8, 1815, fought his famous battle of New Orleans; 
in 1818 was fighting the Seminole Indians, in Florida, of which he 
was, in 1821, appointed governor; in 1823 was again elected United 
States senator from Tennessee; in 1828 was elected President, and re¬ 
elected in 1832. He died near Nashville, June 8, 1845. 

1845. Anti-Slavery in the South. “The True American,’* an 
anti-slavery weekly paper, brought out in Lexington, Ky., by Cassius 
M. Clay, was issued this year. A mob compelled the removal of the 
press to Cincinnati, where the paper was printed, though published 
and distributed in Lexington. 

1842. December. Mileage Expose. A statement published by 
Horace Greelly, showing the shortest route from the homes of mem¬ 
bers of Congress to Washington. It showed that the mileage for the 
Thirteenth Congress was $73,492.60, and 183,031 miles in excess of 
what it would have been, had the Congressmen taken the shortest route. 




84 


Sixteenth Presidential Election. 


The Candidates in the Sixteenth Presidential Campaign, in 1848. 


At the sixteenth presidential election 
the candidates were Zachary Taylor, 
planter and general; Millard Fillmore, 
lawyer and statesman; Lewis Cass, 
lawyer and statesman; Wm. O. Butler, 
lawyer and general; Martin Van Buren, 


lawyer and jurist; Chas. F. Adams, 
lawyer and statesman; Gerrit Smith, 
lawyer and statesman; C. C. Foote, 
clergyman. The election resulted as 
follows: 

» 


Nov. 1848—Sixteenth Presidential Election—Taylor Chosen. 

Whigs Victorious. 


No. of States 
and No. of 

13 ectoral 
\ ote*. 

Names of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 

Votes 

Cast for 
President* 

Electoral 
Vo»e* 
Cast for 
Vice-Pres. 


( 

Zachary Taylor. 

_15 . 

.. 1,360,101. 

...163.. 


30 

Whig. < 

and 

Millard Fillmore.... 





States, 

f 

Lewis Cass . 

_15.. 

...1,220,544. 

...127.. 


Entitled 

to 

290 

Democratic... ) 

and 

Wm O Rntler.... 




...127.. 


Martin Van Enron 


....291,263. 

.... o.. 


Elector’l 

Votes. 

Free-Soil. j 

and 









..0.. 



Liberty .< 

1 and 












Totals. 

| 4 Pol. Parties. 


30 

| 2,871,908 

| 290 

| . 290 


Taylor elected President and Fill¬ 
more Vice-President. 

Mr. Fillmore succeeded to the Presi¬ 
dency July 9, 1850, when President 
Taylor died, and served until March 3, 
1853. 


Conn., Del., Ga., Ky., La., Md., 
Mass., N.J.,N.Y., N.C.,Pa., R.I., Tenn., 
Vt. and Fla. voted for Taylor; Ala., 
Ark., Ill., Ind., Me., Mich., Miss., Mo., 
N. H., Ohio, S. C., Va., Ia., Texas and 
Wis. voted for Cass. 


1849-1851—Thirty-First Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.69 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 37 

No. of Whigs in Senate. ... .24 

No. of Republicans in Senate. 3 

No. of Abolitionists in Senate.1 

No. of Free-Soilers in Senate. 2 

Senators, Politics Unknown .2 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.42 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep. 242 

No. of Republicans in House Rep.1 

No. of Native Americans in House Rep.1 

No. Free-Soilers in House Rep.8 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.118 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.106 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, InH.... 8 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep..102 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

President.Zachary Taylor 

and 

Millard Fillmore. 
J Millard Fillmore of N. Y. 
( Wm. R. King of Ala..Pres¬ 
ident of the Senate 
John M. Cayton of Del. 
Daniel Webster of Mass. 
Wm. M. Meredith of Pa. 
Thomas Corwin of Ohio. 


Vice-President 


Sec’y of State 
Sec’y of Trea j 


of Ga. 
La. 


Sec’y of War j George W. Crawford 
( Charles M. Conrad of 
Sec’y of Navy \ 111 • J 5 - Preston of Va. 

I Wm. A. Graham of N. 

Sec’y of Interior j V.. 

Poatmaster-Gen. j # I'.Y 

S Reverdy Johnson of Md 
John J. Crittenden of Ky 

Speakers, House Representatives. 

.Howell Cobb of Ga 

..Rob’tC. Winthrop of Mass. 


Att’y-Generals 































































Letter Postage Reduced to Three Cents. 85 


1851-1853—Thirty-Second Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 

No. of Members in Senate.72 

No. of Democrats in Senate.43 

No. of Whigs in Senate.19 

No. of Abolitionists in Senate. 2 

No. of Free-Soilers in Senate. 1 

No. Republicans in Senate. 3 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 4 

No. of Lawyers in Senate...40 


In House of Representatives. 


No. of Members in House Rep.243 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.130 

No. of Free-Soilers in House Rep . 8 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 88 

No. Republicans in House Rep.1 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, In H... 16 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep. 19 


Pres., Vice-Pres and Cabinet Officers. 
President.Millard Fillmore 


Vice-President and 5 William R. King, Ala. 
Act. Pres. Senate. \ D. R. Atchison of Mo. 


Sec’y of State 


Daniel Webster of Mass. 
Edward Everett of Mass. 


Sec’y of Treas.Thos. Corwin of Ohio. 


Sec’y of War, 

Sec’y of Navy 
Sec’y Interior 
Postm’r-Gen 


.Chas M. Conrad of La. 

William A. Graham of N. C. 
John P. Kennedy of Md. 

.Alex H. H. Stuart of Va. 

Nathan K. Hall of N. Y. 
Samuel D. Hubbard of Conn. 


Att’y-General.John J.Crittenden of Ky. 

Speaker, House of Representatives ... 
...Linn Boyd of Ky. 


Important Events During the Thirty-First Congress. 


1849—The United States government 
granted its first public land sub¬ 
sidy to any railroad corporation— 
the Mobile and Ohio Company; 
1,000,000 acres between Mobile 
and the mouth of the Ohio River. 

1849—Territory of Minnesota formed, 
March 3. 

1849—The United States government 
issued a proclamation against 
marauding parties forming to sail 
for Cuba, Aug.ll. 

1849—Lopez’s “filibustering” expedi¬ 
tion from the United States, 600 
strong, landed in Cuba and cap¬ 
tured the town of Cardenas from 
the Spaniards. 

1849—First State constitution adopted 
in California, Sept. 1. It excluded 
slavery. 

1849— Commercial treaty with the Sand¬ 
wich Islands, Dec 20. 

1850— The government establishes the 
Territory of Utah. 

1850—The seventh census of the United 
States taken—population, 23,191,- 
074. 

1850—Treaty consummated between the 
United States and Great Britain 
for a canal for joint transporta¬ 
tion across the Istnmus of Panama, 
July 4. 

1850—Violent debates in Congress on 
the slavery question and the ad¬ 
mission of California as a free 
State into the Union. The ad¬ 
mission of that §tate was granted 
Aug. 1^. 


1850— Bills were passed by Congress 
abolishing slavery in the District 
of Columbia, and requiring 
escaped slaves to be returned 
from free States to their masters. 
The latter bill, which became a 
law Sept. 18, imposed a fine of 
$1,000 and six months imprison¬ 
ment on any person aiding slaves 
to escape or harboring them; this 
law remained in force for several 
years. 

1851— A convention of Southerners as¬ 
sembled at Charleston, S.C., May 
8, to discuss the rights of 
Southern States; resolutions were 
adopted favoring a dissolution of 
the Union. 

1851—The coast survey of the United 
States government was com¬ 
pleted. 

1851—Letter postage was reduced to 
three cents to all parts of the 
United States, excepting the 
Western Territories and Cali¬ 
fornia. 

1851—Minnesota, comprising an area of 
21,000.000 acres,was purchased by 
the government from the Upper 
Sioux Indians for $305,500 and 
$68,000 per annum for 50 years. 

1851—The corner-stone of additional 
buildings to the capitol at Wash¬ 
ington was laid by President Polk, 
July 4, 

























86 


Sketch of John Quincy Adams. 


Important Events During the Thirty-Second Congress. 


1851 —Vigilance Committee for the sum¬ 
mary punishment of criminals, 
organized at San Francisco, Cal., 
June Q. 

1851—Commercial treaty with Peru, S. 
A., concluded, July 26. 

1851—Great anti-slavery riot and rescue 
of a captured fugitive slave, Jerry 
Loguen, at Syracuse, N. Y., Oct. 
1 . 

1851—Louis Kossuth, the great Hun¬ 
garian patriot, exiled from home, 
arrived in New York, Dec. 5. 

1851—The first Young Men’s Christian 
Association in America was 
organized at Montreal, Can. 

1851—The Library of the United States, 
in the capitol at Washington, de¬ 
stroyed by fire; 35,000 volumes 
out of 55,000 were burned, with 
many valuable statues, paintings, 
etc., Dec. 24. 


1851— The celebrated “Maine Liquor 
Law,” for the suppression of the 
liquor traffic, passed. 

1852— Mrs. Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s 
Cabin” published. 

1852—John P Hale of N. H., and Geo. 
W. Julian of Ind., nominated for 
President and Vice-President of 
the United States, by the Free- 
Soil National Convention, at 
Pittsburg, Pa., Aug. 12. 

1852—Com. Perry’s expedition to Japan. 

1852—First National Agricultural Con¬ 
vention was held at Washington, 
D. C., June 24. 

1852— United States Mint established at 
San Francisco, Cal., July 3. 

1853— The “Know-Nothing” or “Native- 
American,” political party organ¬ 
ized in New York. 

1853—Washington Territory organized 
March 2. 


1848. John Quincy Adams. Sixth President, served four years. 
Born at Braintree, Mass., July n, 1767; was educated at Harvard 
College; was admitted to the bar in 1791, and practiced in Boston; in 
1794, was appointed minister to Holland, and. in 1797, minister to 
Prussia; was elected State senator in 1801, and United States senator 
in 1804; in 1806 became professor of rhetoric at Harvard College; three 
years later, went to Russia as United States minister; in 1814 assisted 
in negotiating peace with England; in 1817 President Monroe ap¬ 
pointed him Secretary of State; in 1824 Jackson, Adams and Craw¬ 
ford ran for the presidency, but there being no choice, the succeed¬ 
ing session of Congress gave the office to Mr. Adams, who filled it 
until 1829; in 1829 he was elected a member of Congress from Mas¬ 
sachusetts, continuing there until his death, at Washington, D. C., 
February 23, 1848. 

1849. June 15. James Knox Polk. Eleventh President. 
Served four years. Born in Mecklenburg County, N. C., November 
2, 1795, and educated at the University of North Carolina. The 
family removed to Tennessee in 1806. In 1820 he was admitted to 
the bar; in 1823 was elected a member of the Tennessee legislature, 
and, in 1825, a member of Congress, retaining the latter office fourteen 
years, during which he was twice chosen speaker of the House; in 
1839 was elected governor of Tennessee, but failed of a re-election in 
1841; in 1844 the Democrats elected him President, with George M. 
Dallas as Vice-President, his administration being distinguished by 
the war with Mexico, the creation of the Interior Department at 
Washington, the adoption of the low tariff, etc. Three months after 
his retirement, in 1849, he died at Nashville, Tenn., June 15. 




Sketch of Calhoun and Taylor. 


87 


—-^ 

1850. Silver Greys. Owing to a disagreeable measure, the con¬ 
servative portion of the Whig party withdrew from a meeting; many 
of them were men with grey hair, and as they were leaving the meet¬ 
ing some one remarked, “There go the Silver Greys.” 

1850. March 31. John C. Calhoun. One of the giants of his 
political era was this eminent statesman and scholar, who died at this 
date, sixty-eight years of age. Was born March 18, 1782, in Abbe¬ 
ville, South Carolina Was reared on a farm; graduated from Yale 
College in 1804; studied law, and commenced practice at his ol/ 
home. Went to the State legislature and was promoted to Congresl 
in 1811. Was a strong power in shaping the legislature of the United 
States during the war of 1812 and for twenty-five years afterwards. 
Became an able advocate of nullification, through an earnest desire to 
abolish duties on imports. In 1832 South Carolina, under Calhoun’s 
advice, had resolved to secede, but Andrew Jackson would not have 
it. Calhoun saw no other way to secure peace for the South, but 
peace or no peace, Jackson did not propose to have the Union divided. 
Calhoun represented a large class who sincerely believed that free 
trade and slavery were for the best interests of the South, and that 
these could best be secured by peaceable separation from the North¬ 
ern States. His residence was at Fort Hill, in Perkins Co., South 
Carolina. 

1850. July 9. Zachary Taylor. Twelfth President. Served 
sixteen months. Born in Orange County, Va., September 24, 1784; 
son of a Revolutionary officer. The family removed to Kentucky in 
1785, occupying a plantation near Louisville, and there Zachary was 
employed until his twenty-fourth year. In 1808 he succeeded his 
dead brother, Hancock, as a lieutenant in the army; in 1812 com¬ 
manded Fort Harrison, on the Wabash River, defending it successful¬ 
ly, with fifty-two men, against a large force of Indians; served through 
the war, when he resigned; served in the Blackhawk and Seminole 
Indian wars of 1832, 1836-1840; then in the southwest, and was 
actively engaged in the war with Mexico, 1845- 47, winning renown 
by his bravery and success; in 1848 was elected President as a Whig, 
with Millard Fillmore as Vice-President. He died at Washington, 
July 9, 1850. 

1850. July 10. Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency in 
accord with the provisions of the constitution in case of death of the 
President. 

1850. Fugitive Slave Law Passed. Was the final outcome of 
the long, heated discussion, in which the South had threatened seces¬ 
sion. 

1851. Last Survivor of Boston Tea Party. David Kinnison, 
115 years old, the last survivor of the men who threw the tea into 
Boston harbor, died in Chicago. 



88 


Seventeenth Presidential Election 


The Candidates in the Seventeenth Presidential Campaign, 1852. 


At the seventeenth presidential elec¬ 
tion the candidates were Franklin 
Pierce, lawyer and general; William 
R. King, lawyer and senator; Winfield 
Scott, lawyer and general; William A. 


Graham, lawyer and senator; John P. 
Hale, lawyer and senator; George W. 
Julian, lawyer and statesman. The 
election resulted as follows: 


November, 1852—Seventeenth Presidential Election—Pierce 
Chosen. Democrats Victorious. 


No of State* 

and No.of 
Electoral 
Votes. 

Name* of the 
Political Parties is 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 
Vote* 
Cast for 
President. 

Electoral 
Vot-e 
Cast for 
Vice-Pre* 

31 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

296 

Elector’! 

Votes. 

Democratic.... j 
Whig.| 

Free-Soil. j 

Franklin Pierce. 

and 

William R. King. 


.1,601,474 

....254.. 


Winfield Scott. 



... 42. 


and 

William A. Graham. 





John P. Hale. 



. 0 .. 


and 

George W. Julian. 










Totals. | 3 Pol. Parties. 



Pierce elected President;King elected 

Vice-President, but died April 18, 1853. 

Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Ga., Ill., Ind., 
La., Me., Md., Mich., Miss., Mo., N. 


H. , N. J., N. Y., N. C., Ohio, Pa., R. 

I. , S. C.,Va., Fla., Ia., Texas, Wis. and 
Cal. voted for Pierce; Ky., Mass., Tenu. 
and Vt. voted for King. 


1853-1855—Thirty-Third Congress Of the United States 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate. 68 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 42 

No. of Whigs in Senate.15 

No. Republicans in Senate. 4 

No. of Free-Soilers in Senate.5 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 2 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.38 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.246 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.157 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 72 

No. of Native Americans in House Rep... 1 

No. of Republicans in House Rep. 3 

No. of Free-Soilers in House Rep.2 

No. of Abolitionists in House Rep. 1 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.10 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.102 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers 

President.Franklin Pierce 

Vice-President....William R. King of Ala. 

President of the Senate > David R. Atchi- 
and Act. Vice-President { son of Mo. 

Sec’y of State.... William L. Marcy of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Treas.James Quthrie of Ky. 

Sec’y of War.Jefferson Davis of Miss. 

Sec'y of Navy_JamesC. Dobbin of N. C. 

Sec’y of Interior...Rob’t McClelland, Mich. 

Postmaster-Gen.James Campbell of Pa. 

Att ’y-General.Caleb Cushing of Mass 

Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.Linn Boyd of Ky. 


1855-1857—Thirty-Fourth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.64 

No. of Democrats in Senate.41 

No. of Whigs in Senate. 8 

No. of Republicans in the Senate.10 

No. of Free-Soilers in Senate.2 

No. of Abolitionists in Senate.1 

Senators, Polities Unknown. 2 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.38 


In House of Representatives . 

No. of Members in House Rep.247 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 62 

No. of Democrats in House Rep. 83 

No. Republicans in House Ren... 47 

No, of Native Americans in House Rep...47 

No. of Free-Soilers in House Rep . ,.,.1 

Representatives, Politics Unknown. 7 

No.of lawyers in House Hep...103 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 
President.Franklin Pierce 

Act. Vice-President f Jesse D. Bright, Ind 
and 1 Chas. E. Stuart, Mich. 

President of Senate ( Jas. M. Mason of Va. 

Sec’y of State...William L. Marcy of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Treas.James Guthrie of Ky. 

Sec’y of War.Jefferson Davis of Miss 

Sec’y of Navy.Jas. C. Dobbin of N. O. 

Secy of Interior...Rob’t McClelland, Mich. 
Postmaster-Gen..,.James Campbell of Pa. 

Att’y-General.Caleb Cushing of Mass, 

8peaker, House Representatives. 

. ...Nathaniel P, Rajil$ii of Mass. 

















































































Fugitive Slave Law Declared Unconstitutional. 89 


Important Events During 


1853—Walker’s “filibustering” expedi¬ 
tion departs from San Francisco, 
Cal., to capture Mexico, in Octo¬ 
ber. 


1853—Extradition treaties signed with 
Bavaria (Sept. 12), Wurtemberg 
(Oct. 13), and Mecklenburg (Nov. 
26). 


1854—Republican party organized in 
Wisconsin, March 20. 

1854—Commercial treaty between the 
United States and Japan signed, 
March 31. 


1854—Return of Walker, the Mexican 
“filibuster,” to California, May 
15. He surrenders to the United 
States government, is tried and 
acquitted. 

1854—Two new Territories—Kansas and 
Nebraska—added to the Union, 
May 30. 

1854—The Reciprocity Treaty with 
Canada concluded. 


the Thirty-Third Congress. 

1854— Greytown,Nicaragua, bombarded 
by Commodore Hollins, for in¬ 
dignities to the United States. 
July 13. 

1855— Walker’s second “filibustering” 
expedition to Nicaragua, May4. 

1855—The Native-American political 
party—the “Know-Nothings” — 
disrupted. 

1855—General Harney chastises the 
Sioux Indians in the far West. 

1855—Serious trouble in Kansas over 
the slavery question. 

1855—The British minister at Washing¬ 
ton, and the British consuls at 
New York and Cincinnati, dis¬ 
missed by the United States 
government for sanctioning enlist¬ 
ment in this country for the 
Crimean war. 

1855—Granada, Nicaragua, captured by 
Walker’s “filibusters,” Oct. 13 
He established a government 
there. 


Important Events During the Thirty-Fourth Congress. 


1855—The proprietors of leading daily 
papers in New York City formed 
the now widely known“Associated 
Press,” for the distribution of 
news dispatches throughout the 
Union. 

1855—California underwent severe 
financial panic, in February. 

1855— The supreme court of Wisconsin 
declared the Fugitive Slave Law 
(for the return of runaway negroes 
to their masters) unconstitutional, 
Feb. 3. 

1856— The new “Native-American” 

arty (the “Know-Nothings”), 

eld a national convention, Feb. 

28, and nominated Millard Fill¬ 
more for President, with Andrew 
J. Donelson, of Tenn., for Vice- 
President. In the following elec¬ 
tion this ticket carried 8 electoral 
votes. 

1856—Senator Charles Sumner, of 
Mass.,was assaulted in the Senate 
Chamber at Washington, by Pres¬ 
ton S. Brooks, a Representative 
from South Carolina. The 
weapon used was a cane, and the 
Senator received severe injuries, 
from which he never recovered, 
May 22. The provocation for the 
assault grew out of the discussion 
of the slavery question in Con¬ 
gress, 


1856— Walker, the California “filibus¬ 
ter,” defeated at Costa Rica, 
March 20. 

1857— The celebrated “Dred Scott 
Decision” made by the United 
States supreme court.that negroes 
were not persons, but chattels, 
and had no rights that white men 
were bound to respect, March 6. 
Great excitement ensued through¬ 
out the North. 

1857—“Filibuster”Walker surrenders to 
the Unitgd States government, 
after having been elected presi¬ 
dent of Nicaragua, May 1. 

1857—A great financial revulsion began 
Aug. 24, and swept over the 
whole country, destroying all 
commercial confidence, and ruin¬ 
ing a multitude of business men. 

1857—The Kansas Constitutional Con¬ 
vention agree upon a State ponstp 
tution, Nov. 7, 





90 


Sketch of Clay and Webster. 


1852 . June 29 . Henry Clay. At the age of seventy-five years, 
Henry Clay died at this date. He was born near Richmond, Va. 
Was the son of a Baptist preacher, who died when Henry was about 
five years old, he being the fifth child of seven. Entered an office as 
a copyist in Richmond, Oct. 15, began the study of law and was ad¬ 
mitted to practice in his twenty-first year. Settled in Lexington, Ky., 
at the age of twenty-three. Entered the legislature of Kentucky in 
1804 and the United States senate in 1806, at the age of twenty-nine, 
to fill out a term left vacant by resignation. Thereafter he was con¬ 
tinuously in prominent political positions. Was a strong protectionist, 
believed in the gradual emancipation of the slaves, and when strong 
opposing views came in contact, often effected peaceful settlement by 
compromise. Was a prominent candidate for the presidency in 1844, 
on the broad platform of protection and internal improvements at 
national expense, but was defeated by James K. Polk, the Democratic 
candidate. 


1852 . Free Soil Platform. The Free Soil Democrats met this 
year in Pittsburg, Aug. n, and among their principles were the fol¬ 
lowing: 


That governments are instituted 
among men to secure liberty and the 
pursuit of happiness. 

That the mission of AmericanDemoc- 
racy is to maintain the liberties of the 
people. 

That the constitution expressly denies 
to the General Government all power to 
deprive any person of life, liberty or 
prosperity without due process of law. 

That our distinct and final answer is 
no more slave States, no slave territory, 
no nationalized slavery and no national 
legislation for the extradition of slaves. 


That slavery is a sin against God, and 
a crime against man, which no human 
enactment or usage can make right, 
and that Christianity, humanity and 
patriotism alike demand its abolition. 

That the fugitive slave act of 1850 is 
repugnant to the constitution, to the 
principles of the common law,' to the 
spirit of Christianity, and to the senti¬ 
ments of the civilized world. We there¬ 
fore deny its binding force on the Amer¬ 
ican people and demand its immediate 
and total repeal. 


1852 . Whig Platform. The national Whig convention, which 
met in Baltimore June 16, declared in part as follows: 


That as the people make and control 
the government, they should obey its 
constitution, laws and treaties. 

Revenue in time of peace ought to be 
derived from a duty on imports and not 
from direct taxes. 

The constitution vests in Congress 
the power to open and repair harbors 
and remove obstructions from navigable 


rivers, said improvements being in 
every instance natural and general in 
their character. 

The Federal and State governments 
are parts of one system. 

That the acts of the 31st Congress, the 
act known as the Fugitive Slave Law 
included, are received and acquiesced 
in by the Whig party. 


1852 . Oct. 24 . Daniel Webster. Born in Salisbury, N H., 
Jan. 18, 1782, died Oct. 24, 1852. Was educated, up to the age of 
fourteen, at Phillip’s Exeter Academy, and soon after entered Dart¬ 
mouth College, from which he graduated in 1801. Studied law and 
paid expenses, as he had done in college, by teaching school between 
his periods of study. Was admitted to the bar in 1805, and after 
one year of practice at Boscawen, he opened a permanent office at 
Portsmouth, N. H. Was elected to Congress in 1812, when thirty 





Birth of the Republican Party 


9 i 


years of age. His first prominent speech was made June io, 1813, in 
Congress, in which he demonstrated his great intellectual ability, 
which from that time made him a leader in the counsels of the nation. 
Retired to his law practice in Boston, where he had removed after 
the burning of his home in Portsmouth, and remained in Boston until 
1822, when he was returned to Congress, becoming a member of the 
United States senate in 1827, and remained in that body until 1841. 
Was re-elected to the senate in 1845, and there continued until ap¬ 
pointed secretary of state by President Fillmore. He was twice 
married, having four children by his first wife. Was much attached 
to his farm at Marshfield, and when not in public life retired there 
for rest and quiet. Was a man of striking personal appearance, the 
impressiveness of whose manner, as he slowly turned his great eyes 
upon an audience he was addressing, left a memory with those who 
saw him never to be forgotten. Many extracts from his public 
addresses are in the school books of our nation, as models of pure 
diction and patriotic lofty sentiments. Though severely criticised for 
some of his public acts, in his death the country lost one of its very 
greatest men. 


1852. Democratic Platform. The Democratic convention this 
year met at Baltimore, on June 1st, and adopted a platform, the char¬ 
acter of which may be judged by the following few clauses: 


That it is the duty of the government 
to practice the most rigid economy. 

That Congress has no power to charter 
a National Bank; that we believe such 
an institution one of deadly hostility to 
the best interests of the country, dan¬ 
gerous to our republican institutions 
and the liberties of the people, calcu¬ 
lated to place the business of the country 
within the control of a concentrated 
money power. 

That the separation of the moneys of 
the government from banking institu¬ 
tions is indispensable for the safety of 
the funds of the government and the 
rights of the people. 


That Congress has no power under 
the constitution to interfere with or con¬ 
trol the domestic institutions of the sev¬ 
eral states; that all efforts of the Aboli¬ 
tionists or others made to induce Con¬ 
gress to interfere with questions of slav¬ 
ery or to take incipient steps in relation 
thereto are calculated to lead to the 
most alarming and dangerous conse¬ 
quences. 

That the Democratic party will resist 
all attempts at renewing in Congress or 
out of it the agitation of the slavery 
question. 


1854. Birth of the Republican Party. At a meeting held in the 
Congregational Church, since German Church, at Ripon, Wis., the 
first speeches and resolutions were adopted at the time which in¬ 
augurated the Republican party. This was the beginning of a series 
of meetings which spread into the adjoining country, and culminated 
in large meetings and conventions which adopted essentially the 
same resolutions as had been before indorsed at Ripon. The name 
Republican was adopted in the State Convention held in Michigan 
in June of this year. The Republicans came fully into power 
through the accession of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency, and 
through the firmness and decision of the president and his cabinet 
from i860 to 1865, the rebellion wfis stamped out nnd the country 
continued under one flag. 




92 


Eighteenth Presidential Election. 


The Candidates in the Eighteenth Presidential Campaign, 1856. 


At the eighteenth presidential elec¬ 
tion the candidates were James 
Buchanan, lawyer and statesman; John 
C. Breckinridge, lawyer and senator; 
JohnC. Fremont, explorer and senator; 


William L. Dayton, jurist and senator; 
Millard Fillmore,lawyer and statesman; 
Andrew J. Donelson, soldier and law¬ 
yer. The election resulted as follows: 


November, 1856—Eighteenth Presidential Election—Buchanan 
Chosen. Democrats Victorious. 


No. of States 
and No.of 
Electoral 

V otes. 

Names of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 
Votes 
C««t. fur 
President. 

Ele* torsi 

Vot»*8 

Cast for 
Vice-Pres, 

31 

States, 

f 

.Tames Ruehanan 


... 19.. 

.1,838,169 

... 174„ 


Democratic.... < 

and 

John C. Breckinridge. ^ 




Entitled 

i 

John C. Fremont. 

....11.. 

.1,341,264 

... 114. 


to 

296 

Elector’) 

Republican.... J 

and 

William L. Dayton. 




Millard Fillmore. 

. 1 .. 

.. .874,534 

.... .8.. 


Votes 

American or ) 
Know-Nothing. ( 

and 

Andrew J. Donelson. 




.... 8.. 








Totals. | 

3 Pol. Parties. 



31 | 

4,053,967 | 

296 | 

296 

Buchanan elected President, and 
Breckinridge Vice-President. 

N. J., Pa., Del., Va., N. C., S. C., 
Ga., Ky., Tenn., La., Miss., Ind., Ill., 

Ala., Mo., Ark., Fla., Texas and Cal. 
voted for Buchanan; Me., N.H., Mass., 
R. I., Conn., Vt., N. Y., Ohio, Mich., 
Iowa and Wis. voted for Fremont; and 
Md. for Fillmore. 


1857-1859—Thirty Fifth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 

Nb. of Members in Senate.71 

No. of Democrats in Senate.47 

No. of Whigs in Senate. 6 

No. of Free-Soilers in Senate..2 

No. Republicans in Senate.15 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 1 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.41 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.251 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.137 

No. of Free-Soilers in House Rep.2 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.18 

No. of Native Americans in House Rep....22 
No. Republicans in House Rep.68 


Pres , Vice-Pres and Cabinet Officers. 

President.James Buchanan 

Vice-President..John C. Breckinridge, Ky. 

Sec’y of State.Lewis Cass of Mich. 

Sec’y of Treas.Howell Cobb of Ga. 

Sec’y of War.John B. Floyd of Va. 

Sec’y of Navy.Isaac Toucey of Conn. 

Sec’y of Interior. ..Jacob Thompson of Miss. 

Postm’r-Gen J Aaron V. Brown of Tenn. 
Postm r Gen . j Joseph Holt of Ky 

Att’y-General.Jeremiah S. Black of Pa. 

Speaker, House of Representatives ... 
.James L. OrrofS. C. 


Representatives, Pol. Unknown, In H_ 4 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.120 

1859-1861—Thirty-Sixth Congress of the United States. 

Political Complexion of Senate 

No. of Members in Senate.70 

No. of Democrats in Senate.40 

No. of Whigs in Senate. 4 

No. of Republicans in Senate.24 

Senators, Politics Unknown . 2 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.41 


In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep .248 

No of Republicans in House Rep.115 

No. Free-Soilers in House Rep.l 

No. of Democrats in House Rep. 09 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 8 

No. of Native-Americans in House Rep.. JO 
Representatives, Pol, Unknown, in H.... 9 
of hewyers In House Rop,......Hi* 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

President.James Buchanan 

Vice President. .John C. Breckinridge, Ky. 

o„„, v 5 Lewis Cass of Mich. 

Secy of » ta te j Jeremiah S. Black of Pa. 
Sec’y of Trea J Philip 1 Thomas of Md. 

< John A. Dix of N. Y. 

Sec’v of WarH 01111 ?-.? 1 ?^ of Va - 

\ Joseph Holt of Ky. 

Sec’y of Navy.Isaac Toucey of Conn. 

Sec’y of Interior_Jacob Thompson, Miss. 

Postmaster-Gen. j tfo’Z'lJ'mZglFk.. 

Att'y-Generals J t,EEj St Ohio 

Speakers, House Representatives. 

.,...William Pennington o t Ji, J, 









































































Advent of the American Party 


93 


Important Events During the Thirty-Fifth Congress. 


1857— Number of commercial failures 
in the United States, 5,123, 
aggregating about $291,757,000. 

1858— The first Atlantic Ocean cable, 
between Newfoundland, N. A., 
and Ireland, completed and 
messages of congratulation passed 
over it between Queen Victoria 
and President Buchanan, August 
17. A few weeks later all com¬ 
munication over it permanently 
ceased. The next cable was laid 
in 1866. 

1858—British Columbia incorporated as 
a distinct colony, Aug. 2. 

1858—First American overland mail 
left St. Louis, Mo.,for California, 
Sept. 16. 


1858—The Canadian seat of govern¬ 
ment permanently located at 
Ottawa. 

1858—Congress votes to admit the Ter¬ 
ritory of Kansas into the Union 
April 30. 

1858—Minnesota, the thirty-second 
State, admitted into the Union. 
May 11. 

1858—The peaceful settlement of the 
Mormon troubles in Utah an¬ 
nounced to Congress by the 
President, June 10. 

1858— A treaty of friendship between 
the United States and China con¬ 
cluded, June 13. 

1859— John Brown’s raid at Harper’s 
Ferry; slaves incited to rise 
against their masters and fight 
for freedom, Oct 17. 


Important Events During the Thirty-Sixth Congress. 


1859— Execution of John Brown (“Osa- 
wattamie”) at Charlestown, Va., 
for instigating an insurrection 
among the negroes at Harper’s 
Ferry, Dec. 2. 

1860— Eighth census of the United 
States; population, 31,443,332. 

1860—Arrival of the first official Japa¬ 
nese embassy in the United 
States, March 27. 

1860—Arrival of the Prince of Wales in 
the United States, Sept. 21. 

1860—Departure from Boston of Dr. 
Hayes’ Arctic Expedition, July 7. 


1860—South Carolina secedes from the 
Union, Dec. 20. 

1860— John J. Crittenden, of Ky., in be¬ 
half of the Southern States, sub¬ 
mits compromise resolutions to 
Congress, Dec. 18. 

1861— Southern Confederacy formed at 
Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 8. 

1861—The Civil War, between the 
Northern and Southern States of 
N. A., begun by the siege and 
destruction of Fort Sumter, 
Charleston,S. C., April 12 and 13. 


1856 . The American Party. Two new parties came into being 
this year, namely, the American and the Republican party, the latter 
composed principally of the Northern Whigs. The character of the 
Americans may be judged from the few extracts herewith given from 


their declaration of principles: 

Americans must rule America,and to 
this end native-born citizens should be 
selected for all state, federal and muni¬ 
cipal offices of the government employ¬ 
ment in preference to all others. 

No person should be elected for polit¬ 
ical station who recognizes any ajle- 
giance or obligation of any description 
to any foreign prince, potentate or 
power. 


A change in the laws of naturaliza¬ 
tion, making a continued residence of 
twenty-one years of all not heretofore 
provided for, an indispensable requi¬ 
site for citizenship hereafter. 

Opposition to the removing of“Amer- 
icans” and conservatives in principle 
from office and placing foreigners in 
their places. 


1856 . Republican Platform. The growth of anti-slavery senti¬ 
ment in the old Whig party was manifest in the declarations made in 






94 


The Dred Scott Decision. 


the new Republican party composed largely of Abolitionists, Whigs and 
Democrats. The following were prophecies of events to come: 


That the constitution confers upon 
Congress sovereign power over the ter¬ 
ritories of the United States for their 
government, and that in the exercise of 
this power it is both right and the im¬ 
perative duty of Congress to prohibit in 
the territories those twin relics of bar¬ 
barism, polygamy and slavery. 


That a railroad to the Pacific Ocean, 
by the most central and practicable 
route, is imperatively demanded by the 
interests of the whole country, and that 
the federal government ought to render 
immediate and efficient aid in its con¬ 
struction. 


1856. Democratic Platform. The Democratic national conven¬ 
tion met in Cincinnati the second of June, and on the sixth adopted a 
platform, certain planks in which declared as follows: 


That the separation of the moneys of 
the government from banking institu¬ 
tions is indispensable to the safety of 
the funds of the government and the 
rights of the people. 

A political crusade in the nineteenth 
century and in the United States of 
America against Catholics and foreign- 
born is neither justified by past history 
or future prospects of the country. 


That all efforts of the Abolitionists or 
others made to induce Congress to in¬ 
terfere with questions on slavery or to 
take incipient steps in relation thereto 
are calculated to lead to the most alarm¬ 
ing and dangerous consequences. 

That the Democratic party will resist 
all attempts at renewing in Congress or 
out of it the agitation of the slavery 
question. 


1856. “Ossawattomie Brown.” At this period a severe war 
raged in Kansas, between the slave State and the free State settlers. 
Frequent raids were made by desperadoes, and many people were 
killed and much property destroyed. Lawrence and Ossawattomie 
suffered severely from the invasions. John Brown of Harper’s Ferry 
notoriety came to the front this year in his fearless defense of some 
of the Kansas towns. Particularly was that the case when he suc¬ 
cessfully defended Ossawattomie against a company of 500 . Thence¬ 
forth he was known as Ossawattomie Brown. 


1857. Dred Scott Decision. As a slave in Missouri, Dred Scott 
was taken by his master, Dr. Emerson, a physician of the regular 
army, to Illinois and Minnesota, where they lived for over four years. 
On their return to Missouri, Scott was whipped, for which he entered 
suit against his master, claiming that by living in two free States he 
had attained his freedom. The Missouri circuit court decided in his 
favor, but the case was appealed to the United States supreme court 
which decided that negroes were things or chatties and "had no rights 
which white people were bound to respect," could be carried by an 
owner wherever he pleased, and had no standing in court which en¬ 
abled them to sue. The same decision declared the Missouri Com¬ 
promise unconstitutional and void. After Mr. Lincoln became Presi¬ 
dent the decision of the United States supreme court, though not re¬ 
versed, was utterly disregarded, other opinions of Chief Justice Taney 
being treated with like disrespect. Shortly after the conclusion of the 
case, Dred Scott and his wife were sold to Mr. Taylor Blow, who 
gave them their liberty. 

1860. May 10. Political Conventions. The Democratic na¬ 
tional nominating convention, April 23 , met at Charleston, S. C., and 





Preparations for War. 


95 


nominated John C. Breckinridge for the presidency. The Republi¬ 
can national convention met at Chicago, May 16 , and nominated 
Lincoln. The Constitutional Union party assembled at Baltimore, 
May 19 , and nominated John Bell, and on June 18 , the Independent 
Democratic convention met in Baltimore and placed in nomination 
Stephen A. Douglas. 

1860. Dec. President Buchanan, in a message to Congress, 
dwelt largely upon the slavery question, declaring that the troubles 
existing between the North and South were the results of anti-slavery 
agitation at the North, that all the South wanted was to manage its 
own institutions in its own way, etc. 

1860. Preparations for War. South Carolina passed the ordi¬ 
nance of secession Dec. 20 . Robert Anderson vacated Fort Moultrie 
and took up his command at Fort Sumter, a stronger fort, with 111 
Federal soldiers. The Star of the West, on her way with supplies to 
Fort Sumter, was fired upon as she passed up the Charleston harbor 
and prevented from reaching her destination. 

1861. Jan. 28. Secretary of War Arrested. John B. Floyd, 
Secretary of War, was indicted by the grand jury of Washington for 
using his position to aid the South in procuring arms. He found 
refuge in Virginia. 

1861. Feb. 4. Attempts to Secure Peace. Representatives 
from thirteen States,at the invitation of Virginia, assembled in Wash¬ 
ington and passed resolutions conciliatory to the South. Congress, 
however, would not adopt the recommendations. A constitutional 
amendment, at the suggestion of Stephen A. Douglas, was passed, speci¬ 
fying that Congress should never legislate upon slavery in the State. 
This amendment, however, was never ratified. 

1861. Feb. 4. Southern Confederacy Established. Six States 
in the South sent forty-two delegates to a convention held at Mont¬ 
gomery, Alabama. The convention continued in session for several 
days,and during the time adopted a constitution similar to that of the 
United States, except that provision was made for free trade with 
foreign countries, and the continuance of slavery. Jefferson Davis of 
Mississippi was made President, and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia 
Vice-President. Arrangements were also perfected for the establish¬ 
ment of all the departments of government. 

1861. Feb. 18. Munitions of War Surrendered. The United 
States officials stationed at various points in the South who were in 
sympathy with the rebellion, very generally gave their aid towards 
turning all property belonging to the United States in the Southern 
States over to the Confederacy. Among these were all the munitions 
of war in Texas, which were turned over to the rebels by General 
Twiggs, valued at over $ 1 , 200 , 000 . 



96 


Nineteenth Presidential Election 


The Candidates in the Nineteenth Presidential Campaign, in i860. 


At the nineteenth presidential elec¬ 
tion the candidates were Abraham Lin¬ 
coln, lawyer and statesman; Hannibal 
Hamlin, lawyer and governor; John 
C. Breckinridge, lawyer and senator; 
Joseph Lane, general and governor; 


John Bell, lawyer and statesman; Edw. 
Everett, governor and senator; Stephen 
A. Douglas, jurist and statesman; 
Herschel V. Johnson, jurist and gover¬ 
nor. The election resulted as follows: 


Nov. i860—Nineteenth Presidential Election—Lincoln Chosen. 

Republicans Victorious. 


N*. of State* 
and No. of 
Electoral 
Vote* 

Namea of the 
Political Partiea in 
the Contact. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 

Vot*a 

Cuat for 
Preuident. 

Electoral 

Vo’ee 

Caet for 
Vice-Pree. 


( 

Abraham Lincoln. 

and 

Hannibal Hamlin. 

....18.. 

.. 1,865,913. 

...180.. 


33 

Republican ... < 


...180.. 

States, 

Entitled 

Democratic... ) 

John C. Breckinridge.. 
and 

Joseph Lane. 

....11.. 

....847,404. 

...72.. 

... 72.. 

303 


John Bell. 

.3.. 

....591,900. 

....39.. 


Elector’l 

Votes. 

Constitutional < 

and 

Edward Everett. 




....39.. 


Stephen A. Douglas... 

.1 . 

...1,374,664. 

...12 . 



Independent < 
Democratic f 

and 

Herschel V. Johnson 






Totals. | 4 Pol. Parties. |. 1_ 33 | 4,679,881 | 303 | 303 


Lincoln elected President, and Ham¬ 
lin Vice-President. 

Me., N. H., Mass., R. I., Conn., Vt., 
N. J., N. Y., Pa., Ohio, Ill., Ind.,Mich., 
Ia., Wis., Cal., Minn, and Ore. voted 


for Lincoln; Del.,Md., N.C., S.C., Ga., 
La., Miss., Ala., Ark., Fla. and Texas 
voted for Breckinridge; Va., Ky. and 
Tenn. voted for Bell; Mo. and part of 
N. J. for Douglas. 


1861-1863— Thirty-Seventh Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 

No. of Members In Senate. 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 

No. of Whigs in Senate. 

No. Republicans in Senate. 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 

No. of Lawyers in Senate. 


65 
33 
4 
,36 
. 2 
.42 


In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members In House Rep. 

No. of Democrats in House Rep. 

No. of Whigs in House Rep. 

No. of Republicans in House Rep. 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H. 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep. 


202 

53 

...7 

116 

..26 

..98 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 
President.Abraham Lincoln 


Vice-President....Hannibal Hamlin of Me. 


Sec’y of State. .William H. Seward of N.Y. 


Sec’y of Treas... 

Sec’y of War. 

Sec’y of Navy.... 

Sec’y of Interior 


Salmon P. Chase of O. 
..Simon Cameron of Pa. 
.. .Gideon Wells of Conn. 
Caleb B. Smith of Ind. 
John P. Usher of Ind. 


Postmaster-Gen. .Montgomery Blair of Md. 
Att ’y-Gcneral.Edward Bates of Mo. 


Speaker, House of Representatives.... 
.Galusha A. Grow 


1863-1865 —Thirty-Eighth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 


No. of Members in Senate. 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 

No. of Whigs in Senate. 

No. of Republicans in the Senate, 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.. 


55 

13 

3 

,36 

3 

33 


President. 

Vice-President.. 
Sec’y of State... 

Sec’y of Treas. 5 


.Abraham Lincoln 

..Hannibal Hamlin of Me. 
William H. Seward of N.Y. 

Salmon P. Chase of Ohio 
Win. P. Fessenden of Me. 


In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.198 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.2 

No. of Democrats In House Rep.79 

No. Republicans in House Rep.99 

Representatives, Politics Unknown.. .18 

No.of Lawyers in House Rep.96 


Sec’y of War.Edwin M Stanton of O. 

Sec’y of Navy.Gideon Wells of Conn. 

Sec’y of Interior.John P. Usher of Ind. 

„ . . S Montgomery Blair of Md. 

Postmaster-Gen j Wimam Dennison of O. 

Att’y-Generals \ fdwin Bates of Mo. 

J } James Speed of Ky. 

Speaker, House Representatives. 

.Schuyler Colfax of Ind. 










































































Lincoln’s Idea of Emancipation. 


97 


Important Events During the Thirty-Seventh Congress. 


1861—Secession of the State of Missis¬ 
sippi from the Union, Jan. 9. 

1861—Secession of the State of Florida 
from the Union, Jan. 10. 

1861—Secession of the State of Alabama 
from the Union, Jan. 11. 

1861—Members of Congress from Missis¬ 
sippi withdraw from the House, 
Jan. 12. 

18bl—Secession of the State of Georgia 
from the Union, Jan. 19. 

1861—Secession of the State of Louisi¬ 
ana from the Union, Jan. 26. The 
United States mint and custom 
house at New Orleans seized by 
the seceders, Jan. 31. 

1861—Members of Congress from Ala¬ 
bama and Florida withdraw from 
the House, and Jefferson Davis 
from the Senate, Jan.21. 

1861—Secession of the State of Texas 
from the Union, Feb. 1. 

1861—Messrs. Benjamin and Slidell 
withdraw from the United States 
Senate, Feb. 4. 


1862—Jesse D. Bright expelled from the 
United States Senate, Feb. 5. 

1862—Jefferson Davis inaugurated 

President of the Southern Con¬ 
federacy for a term of six years, 
and meeting of the First Con¬ 
federate Congress, Feb. 22. 

1862—Andrew Johnson appointed Mili¬ 
tary Governor of Tennessee, 
March 4. 

1862—Polygamy prohibited by act of 
Congress, July 1. 

1862— Slaves of seceders freed by act of 
Congress, July 17. 

1863— President Lincoln issues his 
famous Emancipation Proclama¬ 
tion, Jan. 1. 

1863—Arizona Territory formed by act 
of Congress, Feb. 24, 

1863—The law creating the present 
national banking system ap¬ 
proved, Feb. 25. 

1863—Idaho Territory formed by act of 
Congress, Feb. 25. 


Important Events During the Thirty-Eighth Congress 


1863—Congress founded the National 
Academy of Arts and Sciences, 
March 4. 

1863—The ocean steamer "Anglo-Sax¬ 
on” lost at sea, and 237 persons 
perished, April 27. 

1863—Clement L. Vallandigham arrest¬ 
ed for making treasonable ad¬ 
dresses, May 4, and sentenced to 
confinement during the war; but 
instead he was banished from 
Northern territory, and fled to 
Canada. 


1864— Congress repealed the Fugitive 
Slave law of 1850; passed an In¬ 
come Tax law; a Revenue law, 
taxing domestic manufactures, 
and the National Bank law; ad¬ 
journed July 2. 

1865— The 13th Amendment to the Con¬ 
stitution passed Congress, Jan. 
31, and was afterwards ratified by 
the several States and went into 
force before 1866. 

1865—The "Freedman’s Bureau” was 
established by Congress,March 3. 

1865—Capture of Jefferson Davis near 
Irwinville, Ga., May 10. 


1860 - 1862 . Emancipation. Mr. Lincoln was strongly in favor 
of a gradual and compensated emancipation, and in March, 1862, he sent 
a special message to Congress urging the adoption of a resolution 
pledging the United States government to cooperate by appropriate 
legislation and pecuniary aid “with any State which would adopt a 
system for the gradual abolishment of slavery.” Extremists on both 
sides opposed the resolution, but it was finally passed by a vote of 89 
to 34 A committee was appointed to form a plan for the gradual 
abolition of slavery. Their report that the government should pay 
at the rate of $300 for each slave was never acted upon. Being un¬ 
able to have the question settled in some such manner, the President 
decided to strike a blow at the root of the rebellion, and proclaimed 
the emancipation of all the slaves in the rebellious States, which he 
had the power to do as commander-in-chief of the army. 





98 


Twentieth Presidential Election. 


The Candidates in the Twentieth Presidential Campaign, 1864. 


At the twentieth presidential elec¬ 
tion the candidates were Abraham 
Lincoln, lawyer and statesman; Andrew 
Johnson, governor and senator; George 


B. McClellan, explorer and general; 
George H. Pendleton, lawyer and con¬ 
gressman. The election resulted as 
follows: 


Nov. 1864—Twentieth Presidential Election—Lincoln Again 
Chosen. Republicans Victorious. 


No. of Staten 
and No. of 
Electoral 
Votes. 

Names of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 
Votes 
Cast for 
President, 

Electoral 
Votes 
Cast for 
Vice-Pres. 

36 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

314 

Elector’l 

Votes. 

Republican . .. j 
Democratic... j 

Abraham Lincoln.. 

and 

Andrew Johnson. 

,...22.. 

.. 2,216,067. 

... 212 .. 

... 212 .. 

Geo. B. McClellan. 

and 

Geo. H. Pendleton. 

.3.. 


...21.. 



Totals. | 2 Pol. Parties. I.. | 25 | 4,024,792 | 233 j 233~ 


Eleven states, then in rebellion, did 
not vote, a loss of 81. 

Mr. Johnson succeeded to the Presi¬ 
dency April 15, 1865, President Lincoln 
having been assassinated. 


Me., N. H., Mass., R. I., Conn., Vt., 
N.Y., Pa., Md., Ohio, Ill., Ind., Mo., 
Mich., Wis., Ia., Cal., Minn., Ore., 
Kan., and W. Va. voted for Lincoln; 
N. J., Del.and Ky. voted for McClellan. 


1865-1867—Thirty-Ninth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion 0 / Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.58 

No. Republicans in Senate.41 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 9 

No. of Whigs in Senate. 2 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 6 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.31 


In House of Representatives. 


No. of Members in House Rep.207 

No. of Republicans in House Rep...145 

No. of Democrats in House Rep. 48 

No. of Whigs in House Rep.1 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.13 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.95 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

Presidents... 5 .Abraham Lincoln 

t.Andrew Johnson 


Vice-President.. .Andrew Johnson of Tenn. 

Act. Vice-President 5 Lafayette S. Foster 
and Pres. Senate. } Benj. F. Wade of O. 


Sec’y of State.. William H. Seward of N.Y. 

Sec’y of Treas.Hugh McCulloch of Ind! 

Sec’y of War.Edwin M. Stanton of O. 

Sec’y of Navy.Gideon Wells of Conn. 

C.Tohn P. Usher of Ind. 
Sec’y of Interior < James Harlan of Iowa. 

/ Orville H. Browning,Ill. 
J William Dennison of O. 
( Alex W. Randall of Wis, 


Postmaster-Gen. 


Att’y-General \ £ ames SP ee ? of Ky 

J ( Henry Stanberry of Ky. 

Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.Schuyler Colfax of Ind. 


1867-1869—Fortieth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.69 

No. of Republicans in the Senate.56 

No. of Democrats in Senate.12 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 1 

No.’of Lawyers in Senate.37 


In House of Representatives. 


No. of Members in House Rep.241 

No. Republicans in House Rep.178 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.53 

Representatives, Politics Unknown.. .10 

No.of Lawyers in House Rep.105 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers 

President.Andrew Johnson 

Act. ^ice-President.Benj. F. Wade, O. 

Sec’y of State...William H. Seward of N.Y. 


Sec’y of Treas.Hugh McCulloch, Ind. 

i Edwin M Stanton of Ohio. 
John M. Scofield of N.Y. 

Sec’y of Navy.Gideon Wells of Conn. 

( James Harlan of Iowa. 

I Orville H. Browning, Ill. 
William Dennison of O. 
Alex W. Randall of Wis. 
C James Speed of Ky 
Att’y-General < Henry Stanberry of Ky. 

( Wm. M. Evarts of N. Y. 


Sec’y of War 


Sec’y of Interior; 
Postmaster-Gen 


Speaker, House Representatives. 

.Schuyler Colfax of Ind 


































































Eight Hour Law. 


99 


Important Events During the Thirty-Ninth Congress. 


1865—Execution of David E. Harold, 
George A. Atzerott, Louis P. 
Powell and Mrs. Mary E. Sur¬ 
ratt, accomplices with Booth in 
the assassination of President 
Lincoln, July 7. 


1865—The following State conventions 
assembled to repeal their ordi¬ 
nances of secession from the 
Union: Mississippi, Aug. 22; Ala¬ 
bama, Sept. 10; South Carolina, 
Sept. 13; North Carolina, Oct. 2; 
Florida and Georgia, Oct. 25. 


1865—Execution by the government of 
H. Wirz, the brutal keeper of 
Andersonville Prison during the 
war, Nov. 10. 

1867—Impeachment of President John¬ 
son proposed in the lower House 
of Congi'ess, Jan. 7, 

1867—Congress passed the bill recon¬ 
structing the Federal Union, 
over the President’s veto, March 
2 . 

1867—Jefferson Davis released on bail. 
May 20. 

1867—Alaska ceded to the United States 
by Russia; treaty ratified, June 20. 


Important Events During the Fortieth Congress. 


1867— Reciprocity treaty between the 
United States and Sandwich 
Islands, July 11. 

1868— The Government Eight-hour 
Labor Bill passed in Congress, 
Jan. 6. 

1868—The Secretary of State an¬ 
nounced to Congress that twenty- 
one States had ratified the Four¬ 
teenth Amendment to the Con¬ 
stitution, Jan. 10. 

1868—Impeachment trial of President 
Andrew Johnson begun, March 
23. 

1868—Negro suffrage in Michigan re¬ 
jected, April 6. 

1868—The Impeachment Court finds 
President Johnson not guilty of 
the “crimes and misdemeanors” 
charged against him, May 26. 

1868—Iowa and Minnesota adopt 

Negro suffrage, Nov. 3. 


1868— Universal amnesty proclamation 
issued by President Johnson,Dec. 
25. 

1869— The Fifteenth Amendment to the 
Federal Constitution of the 
United States, guaranteeing the 
right of suffrage to all citizens of 
the United States, without re¬ 
gard to race, color or previous 
condition of servitude, was 
passed by Congress, Feb. 26. In 
March, 1870, it having been rati¬ 
fied by three-fourths of all the 
States, it was declared in force. 

1869—Mr. Schenck’s bill, in Congress, 
providing for the payment of all 
national indebtedness in coin,was 
passed in March. 

1869—No reduction of laborers’ wages 
by the government, on account of 
the passage of the eight-hour law, 
proclaimed by the President, May 
19. 


1865 . Surrender of Lee to Grant. General Lee surrendered to 
General Grant at Appomatox. After meeting and conversing for a 
few minutes on their meeting in the war with Mexico, General Lee 
asked on what terms the surrender of his army would be received. 
General Grant informed him that officers and men must become 
prisoners of war, but that a parole would be accepted. While writing 
the conditions of surrender, General Grant noticed Lee’s sword,given 
to him by the State of Virginia, and he inserted the provision that 
"officers should be allowed to retain their side arms, horses, and per¬ 
sonal property.” General Lee’s appreciation of Grant’s treatment in 
this respect was quite apparent. Lee requested that the cavalry and 
artillery soldiers be allowed to retain their horses, which was granted. 
He also mentioned the fact that his soldiers were without food, and 
asked that a supply train left at Danville might be allowed to pass on. 
General Grant at once issued an order that 25,000 rations should be 
delivered to the army of North Virginia. 





ioo 


Twenty-First Presidential Election 


Candidates in the Twenty-First Presidential Campaign, in 1868. 


At the twenty-first presidential election 
the candidates were Ulysses S. Grant, 
general and secretary of war;Schuyler Col¬ 
fax, journalist and statesman; Horatio 


Seymour, lawyer and governor; Francis P. 
Blair, Jr., lawyer and general. The elec¬ 
tion resulted as follows; 


* November, 1868—Twenty-First Presidential Election—Grant 
Chosen. Republicans Victorious. 


No of States 
and No.of 
Electoral 
Votes. 

Names of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 
Votes 
Cast for 
President. 

Electoral 
Vot.e 
Cast for 
Vice-Pres, 

37 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

317 

Elector’l 

Votes. 

Republican.... j 
Democratic.... j 

Ulysses S. Grant. 

and 

S^hnylpr Colfax, Mtt .... 

...26.. 

3,015,071 

....214,. 


Horatio Seymour. 

and 

Francis P. Blair, Jr. 


2,709,613 

... 80.. 



Totals. | 2 Pol. Parties. |.I 34 | 5,724,684 | 294 1 294 


Three States—Miss., Va. and Texas—did 

not cast their electoral votes,numbering 23. 

Me., N. H., Vt., Mass., R. I., Conn., Pa., 
N. C., S. C., Ala., Ohio, Tenn., Ind., Ill., Mo., 


Ark., Mich., Wis., Ia., Cal., Fla., Minn. 

Kan., W. V., Nev. and Neb. voted for 
Grant; N. Y., N. J., Del., Md., Ga., La., Ky. 
and Ore. voted for Seymour. 


1869-1871—Forty-First Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.79 

No. Republicans in Senate.62 

No. of Democrats in Senate.10 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 7 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.38 


In House of Representatives. 


No. of Members in House Rep.265 

No. Republicans in House Rep .177 

No. of Democrats in House Rep. 76 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.. ..12 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.112 


Pres., Vice-Pres.and Cabinet Officers. 

President.Ulysses S. Grant 

Vice-President.Schuyler Colfax of Ind. 


Sec’yof State 5 f „ v 

J ) Hamilton Fish of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Treas_George S. Boutwell, Mass. 

Sec’y of War \ £? hn A. Rawlins of Ill. 

jWm. M. Belknap of Ia. 
o 5 Adolph E. Borie of Pa. 

Sec y of Na\y ^ George M. Robeson of N. J. 

c ~ T „, ._) Jacob D. Cox of Ohio. 

Sec y of Interior j (jolumbus Delano of O. 

Postmaster-Gen. .John A. J. Creswell, Md. 

Att’v ftpnprnk J Eben R. Hoar of Mass. 

Att y-Generals l Amos T Ackerman of Ga. 

Speaker, House of Representatives ... 
...James G. Blaine of Me. 


1871-1873—Forty-Second Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.75 

No. of Republicans in Senate.55 

No. of Democrats in Senate.15 

Senators, Politics Unknown . 3 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.33 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.263 

No. of Republicans in House Rep.149 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.107 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.... 7 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.115 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers, 

President.Ulysses S. Grant. 

Vice-President.Schuyler Colfax of Ind. 

Sec’y of State.Hamilton Fish of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Treas. .George S. Boutwell, Mass. 
Sec’y of War....Wm. W. Belknap of Iowa 

Sec’y of Navy.George M. Robeson, N.J. 

Sec’y of Interior.. .Columbus Delano of O. 
Postmaster-Gen. .John A. J. Creswell, Md. 

rift«A-oia 5 Amos T. Ackerman of Ga. 
Att y-Generals ^ George H. Williams, Ore. 

Speaker, House Representatives. 

.James G. Blaine of Me. 


Important Events During the Forty-First Congress 


1869—The National Woman-Suffrage Con¬ 
vention met at Cleveland, Ohio, and 
Henry Ward Beecher presided, Nov. 
24. 


1869—“Black Friday” in Wall street,caused 
by the efforts of Jay Gould and James 
Fisk, Jr., to create a “corner” in the 
gold-market, and numerous specula¬ 
tors were ruined, September 24. 



























































Legislatures of Different States. ioi 


Periods of State Legislation. After a little more than a hundred 
years of republican experiment, the States and Territories of the 
United States yet stand together as enumerated below. During this 
period the people struggled through the eight years’ war of the 
revolution; they survived the three years’ contest of 1812 , and they 
placed themselves in a yet vastly stronger position as a Union through 
the four years’ war of internal rebellion. The period of making laws 
in each State, and the length of time in office by each State legislator, 
are given in the following table: 


States and 
Territories. 

Term of 
office of 
Senators 

Term of 
Represen¬ 
tatives. 

How often 
Legislature 
Meets. 

When Legislature Meets. 

Limit 

of 

Session. 

Alabama. 

4 years. 

2 years.. 

Biennially. 

Tu. aft. 2nd Mon.in Nov. 

50 days 

Arizona. 

2. 


2....“.... 

( 4 

1st Monday in January... 

60 days 

Arkansas . 

4. 


2....“_ 

4 4 

2nd Monday in January.. 

60 days 

California. 

4. 

(< 

2....“.... 

( 4 

1st Monday afterjan. 1.. . 

60 days 

Colorado. 

4. 


2....“.... 

44 

1st Wednesday in Jan... 

90 days 

Connecticut... 

2. 

t < 

2....“.... 

44 

IstWed.aft.lst Mon.injan 

. None 

Delaware. 

4. 

i 1 

2....“.... 

44 

IstTuesday in January.. . 

. None 

Florida. 

4. 


2....“.... 

4 4 

Tu. after 1st Mon.in Jan. 

60 days 

Georgia. 

2. 

«* 

2....“.... 

44 

1st Wednesday in Nov.. 

50 days 

Idaho. 

2^ 


2....“.... 

44 

2nd Monday in Dec. 

60 days 

Illinois. 

2 . 

a 

2....“.... 

4 4 

1st Wed.aft.1st Mo. in Jan 

. None 

Indiana. . 

4 . 


2....“.... 

4 4 

Thu. aft. 1st Mon. in Jan. 

60 days 

Iowa. 

4 . 


2 ... “ 

41 

2nd Monday in Jan. 

. None 

Kansas. 

4 . 

11 

2. 

4 1 

2nd Tuesday in Jan.... 

40 days 

Kentucky. 

4 . 

11 

2....“.... 

41 

Last Wednesday in Dec. 

60 days 

Louisiana. 

4 . 


4....“.... 

44 

2nd Monday in May. 

60 days 

Maine. 

2 . 


2...."..,. 

44 

1st Wednesday in Jan... 

. None 

M aryland. 

4 . 

«* 

2....“.... 

« 4 

1st Wednesday in Jari... 

90 days 

Massachusetts. 

1 •• 

1. 

Annually.. 

1st Wednesday in Jan... 

. None 

Michigan. 

2 . 

11 

2....“.... 

Biennially. 

1st Wednesday in Jan.. 

. None 

Minnesota. 

4 . 

1 c 

2....“.... 

II 

Tu. aft. 1st Mon.injan... 

90 days 

Mississippi .... 

4 . 

«i 

4....“. .. 

41 

Tu. aft. 1st Mon.in Jan... 


Missouri. 

4 . 

«« 

2....“.... 

II 

1st Wednesday aft. Jan 1 

70 days 

Montana. 

4 . 


2....“.... 

41 

2nd Monday in Jan. 

60 days 

N ebraskci 

2 

4 4 • • 

2....“.... 

44 

1st Tuesday in Jan. 

lOOdays 

Nevada. 

4 . 


2....“.... 

II 

1st Monday in Jan.__ 

40 days 

N. Hampshire. 

2 


2....“.... 

II 

1st Wednesday in Jan... 


New Jersey.... 

3 . 


1. 

Annually.. 

2nd Tuesday in January. 

..None 

New Mexico... 

2 . 

44 

2....“.... 

Biennially. 

Last Monday in Dec. 

60 days 

New York. 

2 . 

4 4 

1.. 

Annually.. 

1st Tuesday in Jan. 

. None 

N. Carolina... 

2 . 

44 

2....“... 

Biennially. 

1st Wed.aft.lstMon.in Jan 

60 days 

N Dakota 


14 


‘4 


60 days 

Ohio. 

2 . 


2....“.... 

_“. 

ist Monday in Jan. 






44 


60 days 

Oregon. 

2 . 


2....“.... 

41 

ist Monday in Jan. 

40 days 

PpnnQvlvama 

4 

<4 

2_“_ 

II 

1st Tuesday in Jan. 


RhnHp Inland 

1 “ 


Annyally.. 

Last Tuesdayin May. 


S. Carolina. 

4 . 

44 

2 . 


4th Tuesday in Nov. 


S. Dakota. 

2 . 

11 

2 ... “.... 

Biennially. 


60 days 

Tennessee. 

2 . 

( 4 

2 ....“.... 

41 

ist Monday in Jan. 

75 days 

Texas. 

4 . 


2 ....“.... 

II 

2nd Tuesday in Jan. 

60 days 

Utah 

9 

II 

2 ....“.... 

II 

2nd Monday in Jan. 

60 days 

Vermont. 

2 . 

41 

2 ....“.... 

_ “. 

1st Wednesday in Oct... 

. None 

Virginia . 

4 . 

14 

2 ....“.... 

. 

1st Wednesday in Dec... 

90 days 

Washington.... 

4 . 

14 

2 . 

II 

1st Monday in Jan. 

60 days 

West Virginia.. 

4 . 


2 . 

. 

2nd Wednesday in Jan ... 

45 days 

\\7 j cortnci n 

4 


2 “ 

<« 

1st Mondav in Ian. 


W lSCOIISlIl . • • • . 

Wyoming. 


14 


_“.2nd Tuesday in Jan. 

40 days 








































































102 


Twenty-Second Presidential Election 


Candidates in the Twenty-Second Presidential Campaign, 1872. 


At the twenty-second presidential elec¬ 
tion the candidates were Ulysses S. Grant, 
general and secretary of war; Henry 
Wilson, mechanic and statesman; Horace 
Greeley, founder of New York Tribune: B. 
Gratz Brown, lawyer and governor; Thos. 
A. Hendricks, lawyer and senator; JohnQ. 
Adams, lawyer and statesman; James R. 
Black, clergyman;John Russell,clergyman; 
Charles O’Conor, lawyer and statesman; 


Charles J. Jenkins, jurist and governor; 
David Davis, jurist and statesman; A. H. 
Colquitt, congressman and governor; Geo. 
W. Julian, lawyer and statesman; John W. 
Palmer, lawyer and governor; T. E. Bram- 
lette, governor; Willis B. Machen, planter 
and senator; Nathaniel B; Banks, general 
and governor. The election resulted as 
follows: 


November, 1872—Twenty-Second Presidential Election—Grant 
Again Chosen. Republicans Victorious. 


No. of State** 

and No.of 
Electoral 
Votes. 

Names of the 
Political Parties id 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 

Votes 

Cast for 
President. 

Ele« tor*l 
Vot*a 
Cast for 
Vice-Pre*. 




Ulysses S. Grant .... 

...31 

.3,597,070 

....286.. 



Republican.... 


and 

Henry Wilson. 



...286.. 


Liberal 


Horace Greeley. 

.6.. 

.2,834,079 




Republican 


and 

B. Gratz Brown. 



....47.. 




Thomas A. Hendricks... 



... 42.. 



Democratic.... • 


and 

B. Gratz Brown. 



.... 18.. 




Charles O’Conor. 


...29,408 

.0.. 


37 



and 

John Q. Adams. 




.0.. 

States, 

Prohibition or 


James R. Black. 


.5,608 

.0.. 


Entitled 

to 

Temperance. 


and 

John Russell. 




.0.. 

317 

Labor Reform... 

Charles O’Conor. 



.0.. 


Elector’l 



Charles J. Jenkins. 



.2.. 


Votes. 



David Davis. 



.1.. 




A. H. Colquitt. 




.5.. 


Uncertain. 


George W. Julian. 




.5.. 



John M. Palmer. 




.3.. 




T. E. Bramlette. 




.3.. 




Wiliis B. Machen. 




.1.. 




Nathaniel B. Banks. 




.1.. 


Revenue 

W. S. Groesbeck. 



.0.. 

. 1 .. 


Reform.... 


and 

Fred. Law Olmsted. 








Charles F. Adams. 






Anti-Masonic.. 


and 

J. L. Barlow. 




.0.. 


Social Reform. ■ 


Victoria Woodhull. 







and 

Frederick Douglass.... 





Totals. | 

9 Pol. Parties. 

1. 

1 37 

6,466,165 

I 352 

i 352 


Grant elected President; Wilson elected 
Vice-President. 

The Liberal Republican party, which 
nominated Horace Greeley for President, 
originated as follows: The National Re¬ 
publican Convention, which nominated 
General Grant for re-election, had adopted 
a platform urging the continuance of coer¬ 
cive measures in the South until the freed 
negroes should be invested with all the 
rights of white citizens. This gave offense 
to a number of the party leaders, who 
favored a conciliatory course and the with¬ 
drawal of troops from the Southern States. 
This party, however, suffered a signal de¬ 
feat, a majority of the States supporting 
the policy of the National Republicans. 


As will be seen, there were nine different 
tickets in the field, and the entire campaign 
was remarkable for the variety of opinions 
and prejudices which it involved. 

Three electoral votes of Georgia cast for 
Greeley, after his death, were lost; six of 
Arkansas and eight of Louisiana, because 
of double returns, were thrown out of the 
canvass—14. 

Me., N. H., Vt., Mass., R. I.. Conn., N. Y., 
N. J., Pa., Del., Va., N. C., S. C., Ala., Ohio, 
Hid., Ill., Miss., Mich.. Fla., Wis., Ia., 
Cal., Minn.,Ore., Kan.. W. Va., Neb., Nev., 
Ark. and La. voted for Grant; and Md., 
Ga., Ky., Tenn., Mo. and Texas voted for 
Greeley. 






























































The Prohibition Party. 


103 


i 873 “ i 87 S—Forty-Third Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.79 

No. Republicans in Senate.54 

No. of Democrats in Senate.20 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 5 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.30 


In House of Representatives. 


No. of Members in House Rep.312 

No. Republicans in House Rep.208 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.101 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H_ 3 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep...149 


Pres., Vice-Pres and Cabinet Officers. 

President.Ulysses S. Grant 

Vice-President.Henry Wilson of Mass. 

Sec’yof State.Hamilton Fish of N. Y. 


Sec’y of Trea. \ ™ m : A • Richardson Mass. 

I Benj H. Bristow of Ky, 

( Wm. M. Belknap of la. 

Sec’y of War < Alphonso Taft of Ohio. 

( J. Donald Cameron of Pa. 
Sec’y of Navy. .George M. Robeson of N. J. 
Sec’y of Interior.. .Columbus Delano of O. 

i John A. J. Creswell, Md. 
Postmaster-Gen < James W. Marshall, Va. 

f Marshall Jewell of Conn. 

Att’y-General.Geo. H. Williams of Ore. 

Speaker, House of Representatives ... 
...James G. Blaine of Me. 


1875-1877—Forty Fourth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion 0 / Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate. 82 

No. of Republicans in Senate.47 

No. of Democrats in Senate.31 

Senators, Politics Unknown .4 

No. of Lawyers in Senate....35 


In House of Representatives. 


No. of Members in House Rep.316 

No. of Republicans in House Rep.116 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.181 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H....19 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.152 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

President.Ulysses S. Grant 

Act. Vice-President. .Thos. Ferry of Mich. 


Sec’y of State.Hamilton Fish of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Treas.Benj.W. Bristow of Ky. 

\ Wm. W. Belknap of Iowa. 
Sec’y of War < Alphonso Taft of Ohio. 

( J. Don. Cameron of Pa. 

Sec’y of Navy.George M. Robeson, N.J. 

_ » _i_ S Columbus Delano of O 

Sec y of Intenoi j Zachariah Chandler,Mich 
t, . . i Marshall Jewell of Conn. 

Postm’r-Gen j James N. Tyner of Ind. 

i Edward Pierrepont, N. Y. 
Att y-Generals j Alphon.-o Taft of Ohio. 

Speakers, House Representatives. 

.Michael C. Kerr of Ind. 

.Samuel J. Randall of Pa. 


Important Events During the Forty-Third Congress. 


1874—Organization of the “Woman’s Tem¬ 
perance Crusade”in Ohio, February 
10. Saloons were visited by Christian 
ladies, who offered prayers and so 
touched the hearts of the keepers that 


many saloons were closed and their 
owners reformed. 

1874—President Grant vetoed the Congres¬ 
sional bill to increase the volume of 
national currency, April 22. 


* 

Important Events During the Forty-Fourth Congress. 


1867—The country startled by the report 
that Secretary of War Belknap had 
been guilty of gross corruption in re¬ 
lation to post-traderships on the 
Western frontier, for which he was 
impeached, March 3, and removed 
from office. 


1876—The Lincoln statue at Washington, 
D. C., unveiled, April 14. 

1876— Great anti-Chinese excitement in 
California, in April. 

1877— The Electoral Commission declared 
President Hayes elected, by a vote of 
8 to 7, Jan. 29. 


1872 . The Prohibition Party. First organized into a State party 
in Maine in 1864, by Neal Dow, since when it has been an important 
factor in State and local elections, holding its first national convention 
at Columbus, Ohio, in 1872. One hundred and ninety-four delegates 
attended the meeting, the president of which was Samuel Chase, of 
Ohio. They nominated by acclamation James Black, of Penn, for 
President, John Russell, of Michigan, for Vice-President, but only a 
few thousand votes were polled for them. In 1876 Green Clay Smith 
of Kentucky, was nominated president, and G. T. Stewart, of Ohio, 
Vice-President, polling 9,522 votes. 






































io4 


Twenty-Third Presidential Election 


Candidates in the Twenty-Third Presidential Campaign, 1876. 


At the twenty-third presidential election 
the candidates were Rutherford B Hayes, 
lawyer and governor; Wm. A. Wheeler, 
lawyer and congressman; Samuel J. Til- 
den, lawyer and governor; Thomas A. Hen¬ 
dricks, lawyer and senator; Peter Cooper, 
manufacturer and statesman; Samuel F. 


November, 1876—Twenty-Third 


Cary, lawyer and congressman;Green Clay 
Stewart, lawyer and governor; Gideon T. 
Smith, lawyer and lecturer; James B. 
Walker, clergyman and author; Dortald 
Kirkpatrick, farmer and merchant. The 
election resulted as follows: 


Presidential Election—Hayes 


Chosen. Republicans Victorious 


No. of State* 
and No. of 
Electoral 
Votes. 

Name* of the 
Political Partied ia 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Pi esi- 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 
Vote* 
Cant for 
President. 

Electoral 
Vote* 
Cast for 
Vice-Pro** 


Republican ... j 

Rutherford B. Hayes... 

...21.. 

.. 4,033,975. 

..185.. 



and 

Wm. A. Wheeler. 





C 

Samuel J. Tilden. 



...184.. 


38 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

Democratic... \ 

and 

Thos. A. Hendricks. 




...184.. 

( 

Peter Cooper. 


.81,740. 

... 0.. 

Greenback .... < 

and 

Samuel F. Cary. 



.0.. 

309 

Elector’l 

( 

Prohibition or ( 
Temperance. < 

Green Clay Stewart.... 


.9,522. 

.0.. 

4 

Votes. 

and 

Gideon T. Smith. 



.0.. 


American or ( 
Anti-Masonic < 

James B. Walker. 


.2,636. 

.0.. 



and 

Donald Kirkpatrick.... 





Totals. 

| 5 Pol. Parties. | 


38 

8,412,766 

369 

| 369 


Owing to doubtful returns from Louisiana, 
Oregon, Florida and South Carolina, and 
the closeness of the electoral vote, it was 
found necessary for Congress to appoint 
an Electoral Commission of 15 influential 
and competent men to decide the contest. 
They met in the early part of 1877, and by 
a vote of 8 to 7 decided that Hayes and 
Wheeler were elected President and Vice- 


President, and on the 4th of March, 1877. 
they were duly inaugurated. 

Me., N. H., Vt., Mass., R. I., Pa., S. C., 
Ohio, La., Ill., Mich., Fla., Iowa, Wis.,Cal., 
Minn., Ore., Kan., Neb.,Nev. and Col.voted 
for Hayes; andConn., N. Y., N. J., Del., 
Md., Va., N. C., Ga., Ala., Ky.,Tenn., 
Ind., Mo., Ark., Miss., Texas and W. Va. 
voted for Tilden. 


1877-1879—Forty-Fifth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.80 

No. Republicans in Senate.38 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 35 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 7 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.35 


In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.308 

No. of Republicans in House Rep.143 

No. of Democrats in House Rep. ..157 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H. 8 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.169 


Pres ., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers, 

President.Rutherford B. Hayes 

Vice-President.. .W m. A. Wheeler of N. Y. 
Sec’y of State.. .William M. Evarts of N.Y. 

Sec’y of Treas.John Sherman of Ohio. 

Sec’y of War.Geo. W. McCrary, la. 

Sec’y of Navy. .Richard W. Thompson, Ind. 

Sec’y of Interior.Carl Schurz of Mo. 

Postmaster-Gen.David M. Key of Term. 

Att’y-General.Chas. Deveris of Mass. 

Speaker, House of Representatives.... 
...Samuel J. Randall of Pa. 


























































Monetary Conference 


105 


1879 - 1881 —Forty-Sixth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.76 

No. of Republicans in the Senate.31 

No. of Democrats in Senate.41 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 4 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.46 

In House of Representatives . 

No. of Members in House Rep.302 

No. Republicans in House Rep. 139 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.].. 150 

No. of Greenbackers in House Rep. 5 

Representatives, Politics Unknown. 8 

No.of Lawyers in House Rep.161 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

President.Rutherford B. Hayes 

Vice-President.. .Wm. A. Wheeler of N. Y. 
Sec’y of State...William M. Evarts of N.Y. 

Sec’y of Treas.John Sherman. Ohio 

Sec’y of War... .Alexander Ramsey, Minn. 

Sec’y of Navy_Nathan Goff, Jr , W. Va. 

Sec’y of Interior.Carl Schurz of Mo! 

Postmaster-Gen....Horace Maynard,Tenn. 
Att’y-General.Charles Devens of Miss. 

Speaker, House Representatives. 

.Samuel J Randall of Pa. 


Important Events During the Forty-Fifth Congress. 


1877—President Hayes issued the Civil 
Service order, June 22. 

1877— The beginning of the great railroad 
strikes on the Baltimore and Ohio 
road, July 16. Riot and bloodshed 
at Baltimore, Md., July 20. 

1878— Repeal of National Bankrupt laws of 
1867 and 1874 took effect, Sept. 1. 

1878—Judgment against “Boss” (Wm. M.) 
Tweed was entered for 810,857,197.09, 
Feb. 13. 


1878—Veto of the Silver Currency Bill by 
the President, Feb. 28: but it was 
immediately passed by Congress over 
his veto, and became a law. 

1878— Gold currency quoted at par. having 
sold at a premium since Jan. 13, 1862, 
to date, Dec. 17. 

1879— General resumption of specie pay¬ 
ments throughout the country,Jan. 1 . 

1879—President Hayes vetoed the Chinese 
Immigration Restriction Bill, Mar. 1. 


Important Events During the Forty-Sixth Congress. 


1880—Arrival of members of the European 
Salvation Army at New York, to ex¬ 
tend their work In this country. 


1880—Great anti-Chinese riot at Denver, 
Col., Oct. 31. The Chinese residents 
and their possessions were terribly 
abused and injured. 


1878. Monetary Conference. An act of Congress in 1879 author¬ 
ized the coinage of the standard silver dollar and directed the 
President to invite the governments of Europe to a conference,for the 
purpose of fixing the relative value of gold and silver and promoting 
international bi-metallism. The conference voted that silver was nec¬ 
essary for use as money, but that its adoption as a standard alone, or 
in connection with gold,ought to be settled by each country for itself; 
that to restrict the coinage of silver was also a question to be similarly 
settled, and that a fixed ratio was impossible, considering the differ¬ 
ence of opinion that existed. Another conference was called in 1881, 
between France and the United States, to settle on a plan for the use 
of gold and silver as bi-metallic money. The delegates, recognizing 
that fluctuation in the relative value of silver and gold was injurious 
to commerce, declared that free coinage of gold and silver by the chief 
commercial countries would stop any such fluctuation. A ratio of 
15 % to 1 was thought to be the best adapted to the purpose, and if 
England,France, Germany and the United States would agree, it 
would insure the success of any such combination. They adjourned 
till April 12, 1882, but never re-assembled. 























io6 


Twenty-Fourth Presidential Election 


Candidates in the Twenty-Fourth Presidential Campaign, 1880. 


At the twenty-fourth presidential elec¬ 
tion the candidates were James A. Gar¬ 
field, teacher and lawyer; Chester A. 
Arthur, lawyer and collector; Winfield S. 
Hancock, major-general; William H. 


English, lawyer and farmer; Neal Dow, 
merchant ana manufacturer;A. M. Thomp¬ 
son, J. B. Weaver, B. J. Chambers, John W. 
Phelps and Samuel C. Pomeroy. The elec¬ 
tion resulted as follows: 


November, 1880—Twenty-Fourth Presidential Election—Garfield 
Chosen. Republicans Victorious. 


No. of State? 

and No.of 
Electoral 
Votes. 

N ame* of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 
Votes 
Cast, for 
President. 

Electoral 
Vot-s 
Cast for 
Vice-Prea, 


( 

James A. Garfield.. 

... 19 . 

.4,454,416 

... .214.. 



Republican.... < 

and 

Chester A Arthur.... 



... 214.. 

38 

States, 

( 

Winfield S. Hancock.... 

....19.. 

.4,444,952 

... 155.. 


Democra'ic.... \ 

and 

Wm. H. English. 



Entitled 

Prohibition or S 
Temperance. 1 

Neal Dow. 


... 10,305 

.0.. 


to 

QflQ 

and 

A. M. Thompson. 




.0.. 

Elector’l 


J. B. Weaver... 


...308,578 

.0.. 


Votes. 

Greenback.... j 

and 

B. J. Chambers.;.. 




.0.. 


( 

John W. Phelps. 


.. .1,696 

.0.. 



Anti-Masonic.. < 

and' 

Samuel C. Pomeroy. 






Totals. 1 5 Pol. Parties. | ...| 38 | 9,219,947 | 369 j 369 


Garfield elected President; Arthur elec¬ 
ted Vice-President. 

Mr. Arthur succeeded to the presidency 
upon the death, by assassination, of Presi¬ 
dent Garfield, Sept. 19, 1881, and served 
until March 4,1885, when his term expired. 

Mr. Garfield was shot by Charles S. 
Guiteau, at Washington, D.C., July 2, 1881. 


Me., N. H., Vt., Mass., R. I., Conn., N. Y., 
Pa , Ohio,lnd , Ill., Mich., Ia., Wis., Minn., 
Ore., Kan., Neb., Colo, and a minority of 
Cal., voted for Garfield; and N. J., Del., 
Md., Va., N. C., S. C., Ala., Ga., La.,Ky., 
Tenn., Mo., Ark., Miss., Fla., Texas and a 
majority of Cal., W. Va. and Neb., voted 
for Hancock. 


1881-1883—Forty-Seventh Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate...78 

No. Republicans in Senate.36 

No. of Democrats in Senate.39 

Senators, Politics Unknown. 3 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.39 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.310 

No. Republicans in House Rep .157 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.140 

No. of Greenbacks in House Rep. 4 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H.... 8 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.151 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

Presidents.James A. Garfield 

and 

Chester A. Arthur 

Act. Vice-President.David Davis of Ill. 

o„„. v 5 James G. Blaine of Me. 

Sec y ot State J p re a Frelinghuysen of 

. N. J. 

Sec’y ofTreas. \ WiUiam Windom of Minn. 

I Chas. J. Folger of N. Y. 

Sec’y of War_Robert T. Lincoln of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Navy.Wm. H. Hunt of La. 

Sec’y of Interior.. .Samuel J. Kirkwood,Ia. 
Postmaster-Gen.T. L. James of N. Y. 

Att’v-Generals 5 Wa V ne McVeagh of Pa. 

Alt y-lieneiais ^ Benjamin H. Brewster,Pa. 

Speaker, House of Representatives ... 

.J. Warren Keifer of O. 


Important Events During the Forty-Seventh Congress. 


1881—James A. Garfield, President of the 
United States,assassinated by Guiteau 
July 2. He survived, however, until 
Sept. 19. 


1883—Congress passed the Civil Service 
Bill, in January. 


I 




























































Haymarket Riot 


107 


1883-1885—Forty-Eighth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate . 


No. of Members in Senate.78 

No. of Republicans in Senate.39 

No. of Democrats in Senate.36 

Senators, Politics Unknown .3 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.41 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.346 

No of Republicans in House Rep.127 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.205 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H....14 
No. of Lawyers in House Rep.178 


Pres,, Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

President.Chester A. Arthur 

Act. Vice-President..Geo. F. Edmunds, Vt. 
Sec’y of State. .Fred F.Frelinghuysen.N. J. 


Sec’ys of Treas \ £ has - J - Folger of N. Y. 

, „ t Hugh McCulloch of Ind. 

Sec’y of War.Robert T. Lincoln of Ill. 

Sec’y of Navy.... Wm. E. Chandler of N. H. 

Sec’y of Interior.Henry M. Teller, Col. 

( Timothy O. Howe of Wis. 
Postm’r-Gen. ^ Walter Q. Gresham of Ind 
( Frank Hatton of Iowa. 
Att’y-General....Benj. H. Brewster ofPa. 


Speaker, House Representatives. 

.John G. Carlisle of Ky. 


Important Events During the Forty-Eighth Congress. 


1883—The great strike of Western Union 
Telegraph operators throughout the 
United States, July 20. 


1883—Woman-suffrage law passed by the 
Legislature of Washington Territory. 
Nov. 15. 

1883—New standard time adopted, Nov. 18. 


Westward March ofthe People. 

Center of Population.—The following table shows approximately the center of 
population of the United States each ten years. 


Year. 

LOCATION. 

I Westward 
1 Movement. 

....1790.. 



....1800., 



....1810,. 

....1820... 

....1830... 

....1840... 



....1850... 


55 

....I860... 


«1 

....1870... 


42 

....1880,.. 



....1890... 




1886 . Haymarket Riot. The National Eight Hour League was 
established in Chicago in the early part of the year, a strong 
effort being made to induce business men and manufacturers to intro¬ 
duce the eight hour system, so that the great number of workmen 
being discharged by the incoming of labor saving machinery could 
continue to have employment. Many firms assented, but many would 
not consent to reduce the working time of their institutions. Excite¬ 
ment in some portions of Chicago upon the subject was intense. Vari¬ 
ous outdoor meetings were held. One of these was attended by a 
large number of policemen, who attempted to disperse the gathering. 
While engaged in this endeavor a bomb was thrown by some one on 
the outside of the assemblage, which fell among the police officers, 
killing eight and wounding sixty-eight of them. A trial of anarchists 
was held and four of the leading labor agitators were hung. Eight 
hour agitation ceased at that time, and manufacturers went forward 
working ten hours and discharging their workmen into idleness. 




















































io8 


Twenty-Fifth Presidential Election 


Candidates in the Twenty-Fifth Presidential Campaign, 1884. 


At the twenty-fifth presidential election 
the candidates were Grover Cleveland, 
lawyer and governor; Thomas A. Hend¬ 
ricks, lawyer and senator; Janies G. Blaine, 
journalist and senator; John A. Logan, 


lawyer and senator; John P. St. John; 
William Daniel, clergyman; Benjamin F. 
Butler, lawyer; A. M. West; Belva A. Lock- 
wood, lawyer; Laura DeForce. The election 
resulted as follows: 


November, 1884—Twenty-Fifth Presidential Election—Cleveland 
Chosen. Democrats Victorious. 


No. of Staten 
*nd No. of 
Electoral 
Votes. 

Names of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 

Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 
Votes 
Cast for 
President, 

Electoral 
Votes 
Cast for 
Vice-Pres. 


( 

Grover Cleveland. 

....20.. 

.. 4,911,017. 

.. 219.. 



Democratic... < 

and 

Thos. A. Hendricks. 



...219 

38 

States, 

r 

James G. Blaine. 

....18.. 

...4,848,334. 

...182.. 


Republican ... ] 

and 

John A. Logan. 

• 


Ellll Li t*Cl 

to 

Prohibition or ( 

John P. St. John. 


....151,809. 

... 0.. 


401 

Elector’l 

Temperance. ] 

and 

William Daniel. 





Votes. 

c 

Benjamin F. Butler.... 


....133,825. 

.0.. 



Greenback.... ^ 

and 




.0.. 


i 

National ( 

Rights, j 



.11,362. 




and 

Laura De Force. 




.0.. 

Totals. | 5 Pol. Parties. J 

. 

38 

| 10,056,347 

401 

| 401 


Cleveland elected President; Hendricks 
elected Vice-President. 

Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ind., 
Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo., N. J., N. Y., 
N. C., S. C., Tenn., Texas, Va. and W. Va. 
voted for Cleveland; and Cal., Colo., Ill., 
Iowa,Kan., Me., Mass., Mich., Minn., Neb., 
Nev., N. H., Ohio, Ore., Pa., R. I., Vt. and 
Wis. voted for Blaine. 

1885-1887—Forty-Ninth Co 

Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.76 

No. Republicans in Senate.40 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 36 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.42 

hi House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.333 

No. of Republicans in House Rep.143 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.188 

Representatives, Pol. Unknown, in H. 2 

No. of Lawyers in House Rep.185 


Important Events During 

1885—General Grant placed on the retired 
list of the army by Congress, March 

4 . 


This contest was won by the Democratic 
party, its first national victory after the 
election of President James Buchanan, in 
1856 The cause was attributed to a com¬ 
bination of circumstances, among which 
were dissatisfaction with the Republican 
candidates, a consequent falling off of the 
Republican vote, and the introduction of 
distracting prohibition, greenback and 
other issues. 

^ress of the United States. 

Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers, 

President.Grover Cleveland 

Vice-President,Thomas A. Hendricks, Ind. 
Act. Vice-President,...John Sherman of O. 
Sec’y of State... .Thomas F. Bayard of Del. 

Sec’y of Treas.Daniel Manning of N. Y. 

Sec’y of War.Wm. C. Endicott of Mass. 

Sec’y of Navy_Wm. C. Whitney.of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Interior... .L. Q. C. Lamar, Miss. 

Postmaster-Gen.Wm. F. Vilas of Wis. 

Att’y-General.Aug. H. Garland of Ark. 

Speaker, House of Representatives.... 

.John G. Carlisle of Ky. 


the Forty-Ninth Congress. 

1885—Dedication of the Washington Monu¬ 
ment, at Washington, D. C., Feb. 21. 
1885—Death of General Grant, July 23. 























































State Legislators 


109 


1887-1889—Fiftieth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.76 

No. Republicans in Senate.38 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 38 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.43 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.333 

No. of Republicans in House Rep.156 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.173 

No. of Independents in House Rep.1 

Representatives, Politics Unknown.2 

No.of Lawyers in House Rep.173 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers, 

President.Grover Cleveland 

Act. Vice-President.. .John J. Ingalls, Kan. 

Sec’y of State.Thos. F. Bayard of Del. 

Sec’y of Treas.Chas. S. Fairchild, N. Y. 

Sec’y of War_Wm C. Endicott of Mass. 

Sec’y of Navy_Wm. C. Whitney of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Interior..._Wm. F. Vilas of Wis. 

Postmaster-Gen.. .Don M. Dickinson, Mich. 
Att’y-General.Aug. H. Garland, Ark. 

Speaker, House of Representatives. 

.John G. Carlisle of Ky. 


Governors, State Senators and Representatives—When Elected, 

Salaries, Etc. 


States and 
Territories. 

When Election for State 
Officers is Held. 

Salary 

of 

Gove’rs. 

Term of office 
of 

Governors. 

Pay of Members 
of the 

Legislature. 


1st Monday in August. 


_2 vears_ 



Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

... 2,500 

....4/ 

«( 



1st Monday in Sept. 

....3,500 

....2. 

it 



Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

....6,000 

....4. 

a 



Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

... .5^000 

....2. 

tt 



Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

... .4,000 

....2. 

tt 

.. $300 per session 


Tu after 1st Mon. in Nov u 

....2 000 

....4. 

tt 

.3 per day.... 

A7C1 tt vy ai c • 

Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

....3,500 

....4. 

tt 



1st Wednesday in October. 

....3,000 

....2. 

tt 



Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

...3,000 

....4. 

• ( 



Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

....6,000 

4. 

»< 



Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

....5,000 

....4. 

tt 



Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

....3,000 

O 

n 



Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

....3,000 

....2. 




1st Monday in August. 

....5,000 

....4. •<. 



Tu. after 3d Mon. in April. 

....4,000 

....4. 

n 



2d Monday in September.. 

....2,000 

....2. 

a 

.. $150 per session 


Tu. after 1st Mon in Nov.. 

....4,500 

...A. 

tt 



T 11 after 1st Mon in Nov 

....8,000 

...A. 

tt 

.. $750 per session 


Tu. after 1st Mon in Nov.. 

... .4,000 

....2. 

n 




....5,000 




Tu. after 1st Mon in Nov.. 

....4,000 

....4. 

ft 

.. $300 per session 


Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov . 

...5,000 

....4. 

tt 



Tu. after 1st Mon in Nov.. 

....5,000 

....4. 

tt 



Tu after 1st Mon. in Nov . 

....2,500 

•J 

tt 

.5 per day_ 


Tu after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

....5,000 

....4. 

tt 




2,000 

....2. 

tt 



Tu after 1st.Mon. in Nov 

. 2,600 

....4. 

tt 

.4 per day_ 


Tu after 1st Mon in Nov 

.10.000 

...3. 

tt 

.. $500 per session 

New York. 

Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

...10.000 

...3. 

tt 

$1,500 per session 



3 000 

....4. 


.4 per day.... 



..3,000 

....2. 

tt 

.5 per day_ 

Ohio 

2nd Tuesday in October 

..8.000 

....2. 

tt 




....2 600 


tt 

.4 per day_ 



. 1.500 


a 


Pennsylvania. 

Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

...10,000 

....4. 

ft 

$1,500 per session 



3,000 




South Carolina... 

Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

. .3,500 

....2, 

a 

.5 per day.... 






.5 per day_ 

Tpnnessee 

Tu after 1st Mon. <n Nov.. 

....4.000 

.2. 

tt 

.4 per day.... 


Tu oftor l«t. Mon in Nov.. 

4,000 


tt 


Utah 


....2,600 


tt 

.4 per day_ 


1 ct. Tupsrlav in Sentember. 

....1,500 


tt 

. 3 per day- 


Tu offur 1st Mon. inNov.. 


....4. 

tt 

.. $360 per session 


Tn oftAr i<st Mon in Nov.. 

_4,000 

...4. 

ft 

___5 per day_ 

Washington. 

West Virginia.... 


. 2.700 


tt 


Tu after 1st Mon in Nov.. 

... .5,000 

.... 2 . 

tt 

.. $500 per session 


Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.. 

....2,500 


a 

.5 per day 

































































































































































no 


Twenty-Sixth Presidential Election 


Candidates in the Twenty-Sixth Presidential Campaign, 1888. 


At the twenty- sixth presidential elec¬ 
tion the candidates were Benjamin Harri¬ 
son, lawyer and congressman; Levi P. 
Morton, merchant and banker; Grover 
Cleveland, lawyer and governor; Allen G. 
Thurman, lawyer and senator; Clinton 
B. Fisk, real estate dealer; John A. Brooks, 


clergyman; Rob’t H. Cowdrey, druggist; 
\V. H. T. Wakefield; Alsou J. Streeter* 
agriculturalist; C. E. Cunningham; Belva 
A. Lockwood, lawyer; Chas. S. V\ elles, 
James L. Curtis, D. P. Wigginton, Albert 
E. Redstone and John Calvin. The election 
resulted as follows: 


November, 1888—Twenty-Sixth Presidential Election—Harrison 
Chosen. Republicans Victorious. 


No. of State* 
and No.of 
Electoral 
Vote*. 


N amee of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest, 


Republican.... 


Democratic.... 


38 

States, 

Entitled 

to 


Prohibition 

and 

Anti-Secrecy. 


United Labor. 


401 


Elector’l 

Votes. 


Union Labor. 


Equal Rights.. 
American. 


Industrial 

Reform 

Totals. | 8 Pol. Parties. 


Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 

No. of 
States 
Voting. 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Electoral 
Vote* 
Cast for 
President. 

Electoral 

Voi-8 
Cast lor 
Vice-Prei 4 

Benjamin Harrison. 

and 

Levi P. Morton. 


.5,441,902 

....233.. 

... 233.. 

Grover Cleveland. 

and 

Allen G. Thurman. 

....18.. 

.5,538,560 

... 168.. 

.. 168.. 

Clinton B. Fisk.. 


.. 249,937 



and 

John A. Brooks. 





Rob’t H.Cowdrey. 


.2,826 



and 

W. H. T. Wakefield. 





A Ison .T. Streeter 


...147,521 



and 

C. E. Cunningham .... 





Belva A. Lockwood. 





and 

Chas Welles.. 





James L. Curtis. 


.1,521 



and 

D. P. Wigginton. 





Albert E. Redstone. 


...13,254 



and 

John Calvin. 






1..| 38 | 11,395,521 | 401 | 401 


Harrison elected President; Morton elec¬ 
ted Vice-President. 

Clinton B. Fisk and John A. Brooks were 
also the candidates of the Anti-Secrecy or 
National Christian Association party. 


Cal., Colo., Ill., Ind., Ia., Kan., Me., Pa., 
Mass., Mich., Neb., Nev., N. Y., N. H., Ohio, 
Ore., R. I., Vt., Minn, and Wis. voted for 
Harrison; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., 
Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo., N. J., N. C., S. C., 
Tenn., Texas, Va. and W. Va. voted for 
Cleveland. 


1889-1891—Fifty-First Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate.88 

No. of Democrats in Senate.37 

No. of Republicans in the Senate.51 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.49 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.332 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.155 

No. Republicans in House Rep.176 

No.of Lawyers in House Rep.... .279 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers, 

President.Benjamin Harrison 

Vice-President.Levi P. Morton of N. Y. 


Sec’y of State.James G. Blaine of Me. 

Sec’y of Treas. \ W ima ^ of Minn. 

< Chas. Foster of Ohio. 

Sec’y of War_Redfleld Proctor of Vt. 

Sec’y Of Navy.Benj. F. Tracy of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Interior_John W. Noble of Wis. 

Postmaster-Gen.John Wanamaker, Pa. 

Att’y-General.Wm. H. H. Miller, Ind. 

Sec’y of Agriculture. .Jeremiah Rusk, Wis. 

Speaker, House Representatives. 

.Thomas B. Reed of Me. 































































Foreign Countries, Religion and Government, in 


1891-1893—Fifty-Second Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion 0 / Senate, 

No. of Members in Senate.88 

No. of Republicans in Senate.47 

No. of Democrats in Senate.39 

No. of Independents in Senate. 2 

No. of Lawyers ill Senate.57 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep..332 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.233 

No. of Republicans in House Rep.88 

No. of Farmers’Alliance in House Rep....9 

No. of Vacancies.2 

No. Lawyers in House of Rep.291 


Pres., Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers, 

President.Benjamin Harrison 

Vice-President_Levi P. Monton of N. Y. 

Sec’y of State..... .John W. Foster of Ind. 


Sec’ys of TreasJ Windom of Minn. 

( Chas. Foster of Ohio. 


Sec’y of War.Redfield Proctor of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Navy. .Benjamin F. Tracy of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Interior.John W. Noble of Mo. 

Sec’y of Agriculture.Jeremiah Rusk, Wis. 
Postmaster-General.John Wanamaker, Pa 

Att’y-General.W. H. H. Millerof Ind. 

Speaker, House Representatives. 

.Thomas B. Reed of Me! 


Principal Countries—Population, Area, Religion and Government. 


COUNTRY. 

Population 

Dai • 

of 

C»nsu8 

Area in 
square 
Miles. 

Iuhab* 
to Sq. 
Mile. 

China,incl’d’g Corea,Est 
India. 

414,000,000 
287,223,431 
117,561,874 
. .62,654,302 

1890 

1891 

4,300,401 

1,560,160 

96.2 
184.0 
.13.0 
. 17.9 

236.7 
171.0 
275.0 
.24.3 

187.8 

314.9 
276.4 
.88.0 
.43.0 
.15.1 

14.3 

548.2 
191.6 
. .1.5 
.28.7 

138.3 

Russia, estimated. 

1890 

8,660,282 

United States . 

1890 

3,501,409 

Germany . 

..49,428,470 

1890 

..208,738 

Austria-Hungary. 

Japan. 

..4l!358!886 

..40,718,677 

1890 

1891 

..140,942 

.147,655 

Turkish Empire, Est.... 
Franne. 

..39,212,000 
..38,34a, 192 

1893 

1891 

1,609 240 
..204,092 

Great Britain & Ireland 

Italy, estimated. 

Spain. 

..38,104,973 

..30,535,848 

1891 

1892 
1887 

..120,973 

..110,623 

..197,670 

Brazil. 

..14,0112,335 

1888 

3,209,878 

..767,005 

Mexico, estimated. 

..11.642,720 

1891 

Persia, estimated. 


1891 

..628,000 

...11,373 

Belgium. 


1892 

Ravaria T .,. 


1890 

..29,282 

3,315,647 

..170,979 

...34,038 

British America. 

Sweden . ... T T T T . 

...4,833,239 

1891 

1892 

Portugal. 

..4,708,178 

1881 

Holland. 

. ..4,669,576 

1892 

. ..12,648 

369.2 

Argentine. 

. ..4,257,000 

1892 

1,125,086 

. .3.6 

Australia. 

..3,935,494 

1889 

3,175,117 
. .504,773 

.1.2 

Colombia. 

. ..3,878,600 

1881 

. .9.9 

Peru. 

... 3, (>49^945 

1876 

..503,718 

.6.0 

Switzerland. 

...2^917,754 

1888 

...15,976 

182.6 

Chile, estimated. 

...2,867,375 

1892 

..293,970 
. .593,943 

. .9.7 

Venezuela. 

...2,323,527 

1891 

. .3.9 

Bolivia, estimated. 

...2,300,000 

1889 

..772,548 

. .2 9 

Greece. 

..2,187,208 

1889 

..25,041 
. .15,289 

.87.0 

Denmark. 

. ..2,1851335 

1890 

143.0 

W urtem berg. 

. ..2!036[522 

1890 

.... 7,528 
..124,445 

270.5 

Norway. 

..2,000,917 

1891 

16.1 

Baden . 

. ..1,657,867 

1890 

248.0 

Guatemala. 

...1,460,017 

1890 

. ..46,800 

.31.1 

. 10.5 

Ecuador. 

. 1,271,861 
...1,068,000 

1890 

..120,000 
...14,360 
....2,966 
...72,110 
....7,225 
...18,045 
..10,204 
.. .98,000 
.. .43,000 
...49,500 

T.iberia, estimated. 

1890 

.74 3 

Hesse. 

... '992,883 

1890 

334.8 

Uruguay. 

.... 728,447 

1892 

. 10.1 

San Salvador. 

_651,130 

1886 

.90.0 

San Domingo. 

_610,000 

1888 

.34.0 
.56.0 
. .4.8 

Hayti, estimated. 

. .. 572,000 

1890 

Paraguay, estimated.... 

. ..480,000 

1893 

Honduras’ estimated.... 

.... 396,048 

1889 

. .9.0 

Nicaragua, estimated... 

.... 312’845 

1889 

.6.0 

Costa Rica. 

.... 243,205 

1892 

.. .23.000 

.10.5 

Hawaii, estimated. 

. 90,000 

1892 

....6,640 

.13.5 




Capital. 


Washington 


Rome. 

Madrid. 

Riode Janeiro 

Mexico. 

Teheran. 

Brussels. 

Munich. 


Buenos Ayres. 


Bogota. 

Lima. 

Berne. 

Santiago. 

Caraccas . ... 

Sucre . 

Athens. 

Copenhagen.. 

Stuttgart. 

Christiania... 
Carlsruhe .... 
N. Guatemala 

Quito. 

Monrovia. 

Darmstadt.. . 
Montevideo .. 
San Salvador. 
San Domingo. 
Pt.-au-Prince 

Asuncion. 

Tegucigalpa.. 

Managua. 

San Jose...... 

Honolulu. 


Prevailing 

Religion. 


Forua of 
ment. 


Buddhic. . 
Hindoo ... 
Greek Ch. 
Protestant 
Protestant 
Catholic . 
Buddhic .. 
Moham’d’n 
Catholic .. 
Protestant 
Catholic .. 
Catholic .. 
Catholic .. 
Catholic .. 
Moham’d’n 
Catholic .. 
Catholic .. 
Protestant 
Protestant 
Catholic .. 
Protestant 
Catholic .. 
Protestant 
Catholic.. 
Catholic .. 
Protestant 
Catholic . 
Catholic . 
Catholic . 
Greek Ch 
Protestant 
Protestant 
Protestant 
Catholic.. 
Catholic.. 
Catholic.. 
Protestant 
Protestant 
Catholic 
Catholic 
Catholic 
Catholic 
Catholic 
Catholic 
Catholic 
Catholic 
Protestant 


Emp 
»Emp 
Emp 
URep 
t Mon 
t Mon 
Emp 
t Mon 

I Rep 
t Mon 
t Mon 
tMon 
TRep 

II Rep 
f Mon 
t Mon 
t Mon 
t Mon 
t Mon 
t Mon 
t Mon 
URep 
t Mon 
URep 

Rep 
PCon 
URep 
URep 
URep 
t Mon 
t Mon 
t Mon 
t Mon 
1IG.D. 
If Rep 
URep 
11 Rep 
IIG.D. 
URep 
URep 
11 Rep 
IRep 
11 Rep 
11 Rep 
11 Rep 
IRep 
§P.G 


♦Emp, Empire; tMon, Monarchy; JCon, Confederation; §P. G., Provisional Govern¬ 
ment; ||G. D., Grand Duchy; URep, Republic, 
























































































































Twenty-Seventh Presidential Election 


ii2 


Candidates in the Twenty-Seventh Presidential Campaign, 1892. 

At the twenty-seventh presidential elec- j Reid,journalist; James B Weaver, lawyer; 
tion the candidates were Grover Cleve- I James B. Field, John Bidwell, James B. 
land, lawyer; Adlai E. Stevenson, lawyer; I Cranfill, Simon Wing, Charles H. Matehett, 
Benjamin Harrison, lawyer; Whitelaw | The election resulted as follows: 


November, 1892—Twenty-Seventh Presidential Election—Cleve¬ 
land Chosen. Democrats Victorious. 


No. of dtftto* 
•nd No. of 
Electoral 
Vote*. 


44 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

444 

Elector’l 

Votes. 


Name* of the 
Political Parties in 
the Contest. 


Democratic 


Republican 

People’s.... 


ic... | 

•I 


Prohibition.... 

Socialistic 

Labor. 


Candidates for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice- 
President. 


Grover Cleveland., 
and 

Adlai E. Stevenson 

Benjamin Harrison , 
and 

Whitelaw Reid. 


James B. Weaver. 

and 

James G. Field. 

John Bidwell. 

and 

James B. Cranfill... 

Simon Wing. 

and 

Charles H. Matehett. 


No. of 
States 
Voting. 


.23 


.16 


Total 

Popular 

Vote. 


5,556,533 


.5,175,577 


1,122,045 


.279,191 


.21,191 


Eler.toral 
Votes 
Cast for 
President, 


,.277 


.145. 


. 22 . 


Electoral 

Vc*'#a 

Cast for 
Vice-Pro*. 


.277. 


.145. 

.. 22 . 


Totals. | 5 Pol. Parties. | .. | 44 | 12,154,537 | 444 J 444 


Cleveland elected President; Hendricks 
elected Vice-President. 

Cleveland received the electoral vote in 
the following States: 

Alabama. .11 Indiana...15 North Car.. 11 
Arkansas ...8 Kentucky.13 North Dak. ..1 
California .8 Louisiana. .8 South Car...9 

Conn. 6 Maryland ..8 Tennessee..12 

Delaware..3 Mississippi.9 Texas.15 

Florida.4 Missouri...17 Virginia .. .12 

Georgia... 13 N. Jersey.. 10 WestVa. ....6 
Illinois_24 New York.36 Wisconsin .12 


Harrison secured the electoral vote in 
the following States: 

California... 1 Montana...3 Penn.32 

Iowa.13 Nebraska. .8 Rhode Isl’d. .4 

Maine. 6 New Hamp.4 South Dak. .4 

Mass.15 North Dak..1 Vermont_4 

Michigan.. 14 Ohio.23 Washington.4 

Minnesota. .9 Oregon.3 Wyoming....3 

Weaver secured the Electoral Vote in 
the following States: 

Colorado...4 Kansas...10 North Dak...1 
Idaho.3 Nevada....3 Oregon.1 


1893-1895—Fifty-Third Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 


No. of Members in Senate. 85 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 44 

No. Republicans in Senate.38 

No. Populists in Senate.3 

No. of Lawyers in Senate.57 

In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep.356 

No. of Democrats in House Rep.219 

No. of Republicans in House Rep.127 

No. of Populists in House Rep.10 

No.of Lawyers in House Rep.227 


Pres. t Vice-Pres. and Cabinet Officers. 

President.Grover Cleveland 

Vice-President... .Adlai E. Stevenson of Ill. 
Sec’y of State.... Walter Q. Gresham of Ill. 
Sec’y of Treas.John G. Carlisle of Ky. 

Sec’y of War... .Daniel S. Lamont of N. Y. 
Sec’y of Navy... .Hilary A. Herbert of Ala. 

Sec’y of Interior.Hoke Smith of Ga. 

Postmaster-Gen. .Wilson S Bissell of N. Y. 

Sec’y of Agriculture.Julius S. Morton 

Att’y-General.Richard Olney of Mass. 

Speaker, House of Representatives. 

.Chas. F. Crisp of Ga. 








































































Political Issues, 1894. Single Tax 


113 


i 895-i 897—Fifty-Fourth Congress of the United States. 


Political Complexion of Senate. 

No. of Members in Senate. 

No. of Democrats in Senate. 

No. of Republicans in the Senate...... 

No. of Populists in Senate.. 

N o. of Lawyers in Senate. . 


In House of Representatives. 

No. of Members in House Rep. 

No. of Democrats in House Rep. 

No. Republicans in House Rep. 

No. of Populists in House Rep. 

No.of Lawyers in House Rep. 


Pres. % Vice-Pres, and Cabinet Officers. 

President. 

Vice-President... 

Sec’y of State. 

Sec’y of Treas. j. 

Sec’y of War.. 

Sec’y of Navy. 

Sec’y of Interior. 

Postmaster-Gen. 

Att’y-General. 

Sec’y of Agriculture...... 

_ Speaker, House Representatives. 


1894 . Single Tax. A prominent question before the public at 
the present time is the subject of taxation, many people being of the 
opinion that revenue should be raised by a tax, called a tariff on 
goods imported into the country, while others incline to the thought that 
it should come from a tax on incomes and the products of industry. A 
large number of people believe that a better method than any yet 
devised will be by putting the entire tax on land. Their reasons are 
outlined in the follwing: 

Argument in Behalf of Single Tax. 


The advocates of the single tax theory 
claim that there are certain things in 
nature that belong of right to every hu¬ 
man being. Among these are air, water 
and land. 

That it should never be possible for 
an individual, because he arrived ‘first 
in a certain locality, to appropriate all 
the air of that vicinity; that it should 
not be possible to control all the water; 
and in like manner it is not right to 
monopolize all the land. This con¬ 
clusion is arrived at from thought of 
the injustice of a land system that per¬ 
mits of exclusive ownership of the enor¬ 
mously large landed estates in European 
many cases of over 100,000 acres together 
in one body of land, under one owner¬ 
ship. Much of this immense area is 
often allowed to run wild, as a sporting 
ground for the owner and his friends 
who may wish to engage in the amuse¬ 
ment of shooting deer, foxes and rab¬ 
bits. And all this in densely populated 
countries, where the masses are unable 
to buy or own a foot of the soil. 

Added to the enormous individual 
ownership of land by a few persons in 
foreign countries, and all the land rap¬ 
idly passing into few hands in Europe 
and America, investigation shows that 
the tax for the support of the govern¬ 
ment is being placed on household 
goods and personal effects of the com¬ 
mon people, while the rich landlords are 
allowed to go comparatively free of tax¬ 
ation. 


After a careful study of the economic 
conditions existing in Europe and Amer¬ 
ica, Henry George issued in 1881 a small 
book entitled “The Land Question,” 
which has since that time directed pub¬ 
lic attention to land monopoly. 

Adam Smith and others had written 
upon this question, but it was left for 
Henry George to arouse interest on 
the subject in such manner as to cause 
the formation of numerous single tax 
clubs throughout the country, the pur¬ 
pose of which is to devise a simple, 
equitable method of taxation and stop 
the present rapid drift of land into the 
possession of the few. 

As a means of securing equitable tax¬ 
ation, it is proposed to tax only the rent¬ 
able value of land, this being sufficient 
to provide all the revenue which may 
be required by taxation. The tax thus 
being wholly raised from land is called 
a “Single Tax.” 

As now promulgated, the advocates of 
the single tax theory do not discourage 
land ownership. They simply propose 
that the rents of all land shall go to the 
government, but the revenue from all im. 
provements on the land shall go to the 
owner of the land. 

To determine what the tax should be, 
the assessor will be governed by the 
selling value of bare land in the vicin- 
ity without improvements. In the ab¬ 
sence of any knowledge as to how land 
rents in that neighborhood, he will 
charge five per cent per annum interest 




























ii4 Expense to Farmers of Single Tax 


on the selling price. Thus, if unim¬ 
proved land sells at $20 per acre, the 
inference is that such land would rent 
for $1 per acre. This is the tax. Un¬ 
der this plan the well equipped farm, 
provided with houses, barns, fences, 
water supply, etc., which would rent 
with improvements for $3 per acre, 
would be supposed to rent with no im¬ 
provements for $1 per acre; so that the 
farmer’s tax on 160 acres would be $160. 
Should a city grow up near this farm, 
and the land immediately adjoining sell 
for three hundred dollars per acre, then 
this land, worthalso $300 per acre,should 
pay as much in rent as the interest 
would be on $300 at 5 per cent, if the 
land was sold. The annual interest on 
$300 would be $15. Thus selling price 
would determine rental value. Land 
worth $300 per acre would pay an annual 
tax of $15 per acre. Land worth $400 per 
acre would pay $20 an acre, annual tax, 
and so on. Not a very heavy tax to 
poor people in the suburbs who occupy 
their small lots, but heavier to the spec¬ 
ulator whose large number of acres 
lies idle. Should the city spread over 
the farm and the land get to be worth 
$10,000 per acre, the annual tax would be 
$500 per acre. Should the bare land 
be appraised as worth one million dol¬ 
lars per acre, the annual tax on that land 
per acre would be $50,000. 

The advocates of this method of taxa¬ 
tion claim that single tax would be no 
oppression even to the rich. The owner 
of the million dollar acre could put 
a building on that land,and get annually 
one hundred thousand dollars in rent. 
No tax would be placed on the build¬ 
ing and none is placed on the personal 


property or income of the owner of 
this building. It is only on the land. 

All manufacturing industries and 
personal property made by labor, it is 
proposed, shall be exempt from taxes. 

The claim is that land made by the 
Creator should never be appropriated 
by one or more persons to the exclusion 
of all others. If the land is valuable it 
is because people by settlement around 
it have made it so, that therefore the 
revenue of the land should go to the 
people to whom it naturally belongs, 
but individuals may own land, may 
possess all the improvements and have 
all the revenues that come from these 
improvements, and thus their enterprise 
and the product of their industry shall 
never be taxed. 

The advocates of single tax favor 
absolutely free trade, because after 
taking the rental value of all land they 
assert no other tax is necessary in order 
to support the government. Relieved 
of all tax on personal property of every 
kind, they assert every person is en¬ 
couraged to be industrious, to build and 
to manufacture. At the same time, re¬ 
lieved of tariff tax and all other tax, while 
wages would be high goods would be 
low in price. 

To place the tax entirely on land 
tends to the breaking up of large es¬ 
tates, prevents monopoly, simplifies the 
method of taxation and places the tax 
only on those who are amply able to 
pay it. That whatever reforms may 
be enacted, if land monopoly is allowed 
to go forward it is only a question of 
brief time when the masses will be en¬ 
slaved and their masters will be the 
large owners of land. 


Staple Agricultural Products of Industry In the Tear 1889, 

In the United States. 


Name. 

Acres. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Value 

per 

Acre. 

Bushels 

per 

Acre. 

Wheat. 

36,087,154 

71,970,762 

25,431,369 

....399,262,000 
..1,489,97 ',000 
....523,621,(XX) 

....$334,773,687 

_754,433,451 

.222,048,486 

...*$0.25_ 

... +12 O 

Corn. 

... *9.47_ 

+14 1 

Oats. 

_ * 8.16_ 

t26 6 






♦Average value from 1880 to 1889. tAverage number of bushels from 1880 to 1889 


Name of Animal. 

Number. 

Average 

Price. 

Total Value. 

Horses. 

_14,056,750.... 

.. *67.00 

*941 893 090 

Milch Cows. 

_16,019,591_ 

. 21.62 

34fi 997 onn 

Oxen and Other Cattle. 

Mules. 

....39,875,648 ... 

.... 14.76 ... 
. 77 88 

17ft ft47 <*7H 

Bheep. 


2.50 

10ft 3Q7 447 

Hogs'. 





















































Facts About the Presidents 


115 


Presidents of the United States—Where Born, Term of Office, 

When Died, Etc. 


Name. 

Resi- 

de’ce 

Born. 

Geo. Washington 

Va .. 

..1732 

John Adams. 

Mass 

..1735 

Thos. Jefferson.. 

Va .. 

. .1743 

James Madison... 

Va .. 

..1751 

James Monroe.... 

Va .. 

..1758 

John Q. Adams... 

Mass 

..1767 

Andrew Jackson. 

Tenn 

..1767 

M. Van Buren_ 

N. Y. 

..1782 

Wm. H. Harrison 

Ohio 

..1773 

John Tyler. 

Va.. 

..1790 

James K. Polk... 

Tenn 

..1795 

Zachary Taylor.. 

La.. 

..1784 

Millard Fillmore. 

N. Y. 

..1800 

Franklin Pierce.. 

N. H. 

..1804 

James Buchanan. 

Penn 

. 1791 

Abra’m Lincoln.* 

Ill... 

..1809 

Andrew Johnson. 

Tenn 

..1808 

Ulvsses S. Grant.. 

Ill... 

. .1822 

R. B. Hayes. 

Ohio 

..1822 

Japies A.Garfield! 

Ohio 

..1831 

C. A. Arthur. 

N. Y. 

..1830 

Grover ClevelandlN.Y. 

..1837 

Beni. Harrison... 

Ind.. 

..1833 

Grover Cleveland iN. Y. 

..1837 

:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 



lust’d 

into 

Office. 

Age at 

that time. 

Term of 
Office. 

Died. 

Age at 

Death. 

Of What 
Died. 

..1789 

....57 

8 years.... 

Dec. 14,1799 

..68 

Ac. Laryn’itis 

..1797 

....62 

4 years.... 

July 4, 1826 

..91 

Old Age. 

..1801 

....58 

8 years.... 

July 4,1826 

..83 

Old Age. 

..1809 

....58 

8 years.... 

June 23, 1836 

..85 

Old Age. 

..1817 

....58 

8 years.... 

July 14,1831 

..72 

Old Age. 

. .1825 

....58 

4 yeai-s.... 

Feb. 23,1848 

80 

Paralysis. 

..1829 

. . 62 

8 years.... 

June 8, 1848 

..78 

Dropsy . 

..1837 

....55 

4 years.... 

July 24, 1862 

..80 

Old Age. 

..1841 

...68 

1 month .. 

April 4, 1841 

..68 

Polit’l Ov’w’k 

..1841 

..51 

3 y. llmo. 

Jan. 17,1861 

..73 

Apoplexy .... 

..1845 

..50 

4 years.. 

June 15,1849 

..54 

Cholera. 

..1849 

....65 

ly. 4m.5d. 

July 9, 1850 

..66 

Bilious Diso’r 

..1850 

....50 

2y.7m.26d. 

Mar. 8, 1874 

. .74 

Paralysis .... 

..1853 

... 49 4 years.... 

Oct. 8, 1869 

. .65 

Gastritis. 

..1857 

_66 4 years_ 

June 1,1868 

..77 

Pl.Pneumo’ia 

..1861 

. .52 4y.lm.10d. 

April 15,1865 

..56 

Bullet Wound 

..1865 

....57 3y.l0m20d 

July 31, 1875 

..67 

Paralysis. 

..1869 

....47 

8 years.... 

July 23, 1885 

..63 

Cancer. 

..1877 

_5514 years.... 

July 17, 1893 

. .71 

Neuralgia.. 

..1881 

_50,6 m. 15d.. 

Sept. 19,1881 

. .50 

Bullet Wound 

..1881 

_5l|3y.5m.l5d. 

Nov. 18,1886 

. 56 

Apoplexy. 

..1885 

_48 4 years_ 




..1889 

... 56 4 vears_ 




..1893 

....56 


















Burial Places of Presidents of the United States. 

WHERE THEY PASSED THEIR LAST HOURS. 


Name. 


Where Died. 


Where Buried. 


Geo. Washington 

John Adams. 

Thomas Jefferson 
James Madison.. 
James Monroe.... 
John Q. Adams... 
Andrew Jackson.. 
Martin Van Buren 
Wm. H. Harrison. 

John Tyler. 

James K. Polk.... 
Zachary Taylor.. 
Millard Fillmore. 
Franklin Pierce.. 
James Buchanan. 
Abra’m Lincoln* 
Andrew Johnson.. 
Ulysses S. Grant.. 

R. B. Hayes. 

Jas. A. Garfleldf.. 

C. A. Arthur. 

Grover Cleveland 
Benj’mn Harrison 


Mount Vernon. 

Quincy, Mass. 

Monticello, Va. 

Montpelier, Va. 

New York, N. Y.... 
Washington, D. C. 
Hermitage, Tenn.. 
Kinderhook, N. Y.. 
Washington, D. C. 

Richmond, Va. 

Nashville, Tenn.... 
Washington, D. C 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

Concord, N. H. 

Wheatland, Pa.... 
Washington, D. C. 
Greenville, Tenn.. 
Mt. McGregor, N. Y 

Fremont, Ohio. 

Long Branch. N. J. 
New York, N. Y.... 


....Mount Vernon, Va. 

... .Beneath Unitarian Church at Quincy, Mass. 

....Near Monticello, Va. 

... .Center of a large field at Montpelier, Va.. 

....Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Va. 

_Beneath Unitarian Church at Quincy, Mass. 

....Hermitage, 11 miles from Nashville, Tenn. 

.... Kinderhook, N. Y . 

... .North Bend, O.. 15 miles west of Cincinnati. 

....Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Va. 

_Garden of homestead at Nashville, Tenn.... 

....Frankfort, Ky. 

....Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, N. Y. 

_Old Cemetery, Concord, N. H. 

_Woodward Hill Cemetery, Lancaster, Pa.. 

....Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, Ill. 

....Greenville, Tenn. 

.... Riverside Park, N. Y . 

....Fremont, Ohio. 

....Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, O. 

....Albany, N. Y. 


♦Abraham Lincoln died from the effects of a pistol shot fired by John Wilkes Booth at 
Ford’s Theatre, Washington, D. C., on the evening of April 14, 1865. 

tPresident Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at Washington, July 2,1881, and 
died at Long Branch, N. J., Sept. 19, 1881, For this crime Guiteau was hanged at Wash¬ 
ington, D. C., June 30, 1882. 









































































































Political Issues, 1894. Eight Hours. 


116 


1886. Eight Hour Agitation. In 1857 the time of factory and 
mechanical labor in the United States was generally reduced from 
twelve to ten hours. Since that period, the usual working time, in 
nearly all the trades and manufactories for employes, has been ten 
hours, each working day. In these past forty years labor saving 
machinery has been introduced into all departments of industry more 
rapidly than in all the history of the world heretofore. Machinery, 
the eight-hour advocates claim, running ten hours daily, has taken 
the place of the workmen. The workmen stand in idleness. Pau¬ 
perism, crime, and anarchistic conditions are the result. As a re¬ 
medy for these disturbances the reformer makes the following 

Argument Tor Shorter Hours. 


That primitive man, having few labor 
saving appliances, was compelled to 
labor long hours each day in order to 
procure the simple necessaries of life. 
That with the introduction of machinery 
we have reduced daily labor from six¬ 
teen hours to fourteen, to twelve and to 
ten hours. That by the same law we 
must continue to shorten daily time of 
labor until, probably in the future, aided 
by machinery, .all the ordinary mechan¬ 
ical requirements of the country can be 
performed in a comparatively short 
time of labor each day. 

As machinery has come forward in 
late years, it has been appropriated by 
wealthy corporations for their own 
profit, and as it has been placed in po¬ 
sition, the ten-hour system has been 
continued, while workmen have been 
discharged—all over the world. 

The people out of employment have 
been unable to buy and consume the 
products of industry, consequently, 
aided by machinery running each day 
ten hours, it has been possible to make 
a great overproduction in all lines of 
manufacture,which has resulted in cut¬ 
ting down prices and wages and a con¬ 
tinuous discharge of laboring people. 

The following is given as an illustra¬ 
tion; ten men are daily working each ten 
hours, turning out 10,000 yards of cloth, 
per day, at a cost to the factory of $20 
a day for these men. A machine comes 
that will do the work of two men. It 
would be possible now to reduce daily 
time to eight hours, make the same 
amount of cloth each day—and continue 
to pay for eight hours $20 a day—charg¬ 
ing the expense of the machine to 
the workmen. Instead of doing this, 
however,the machine is introduced, the 
ten-hour plan is continued, two men are 
discharged,and the manufacturer thinks 
he is $4 ahead per day by saving 
that amount, which would be paid 
to those men. Another machine, and 
two more men are discharged. Yet 
another machine, and two more men go 


out, while the four remaining men con¬ 
tinue, v/ith the machines working each 
day ten hours. 

The six men who have been dis¬ 
charged form a union and gradually be¬ 
gin to conspire against the ownerof the 
factory and the people who are accumu¬ 
lating wealth. These men in idleness 
become desperate. Some resort to 
crime, to drink, to gambling and to 
suicide. Others turn to politics, and 
official positions having salary attached, 
resorting to any device which will en¬ 
able them to get positions. 

Strikes, tramps, robbery, murder and 
dangerous conditions become common. 

The factory from which the men have 
been discharged in order that the 
proprietors may make greater profit, 
passes into the hands of strikers, and 
the owners are in doubt whether they 
can continue in business. The eight 
hour advocates claim that all these 
disturbances would have been avoided 
by a shortening of the hours in daily 
factory labor, permitting the laboring 
people to continue at work with the ma¬ 
chines, instead of dischargingtheminto 
idleness, pauperism and anarchy. 

In shortening hours, they assert there 
is no necessity for lessening the pay, 
especially when the quantity of goods 
produced is fully up to the amount 
which was made before the advent of 
the machine. That the workmen should 
pay for and have the advantage of the 
machine and thus it will be a blessing 
instead of an oppression. 

The friends of shorter hours claim 
that they should be shortened to cor¬ 
respond with the productive power of 
machinery; that the productive power of 
the country should not exceed the abil¬ 
ity to consume; that to maintain this 
balance, factory hours should be short¬ 
ened; and one of the most important of 
the reforms to be inaugurated will be 
he shortening of daily time in mechan¬ 
ical labor to a point such that all may 
have a chance to work. 




Political Issues, 1894. Free Trade 


117 


Political Issues, 1894. Free Trade. Free Trade is the doctrine 
that trade should be unrestricted by any regulation or interference 
from the government. Advocates of free trade claim that the com¬ 
merce of our country with other nations should be as free as com¬ 
merce between the various States of the Union, but as a tariff on im¬ 
ports is a convenient way of raising a revenue, the free trader be¬ 
lieves in a tariff sufficient to raise the necessary revenue with the least 
restriction on foreign commerce, without attempting to protect home 
industries. The following are some of the important arguments in 
favor of free trade: 


Argument in Behalf of Free Trade. 


Every man has a natural right 
to buy in the cheapest market and sell 
in the dearest, all attempts to interfere 
with this right resulting in an artificial 
commercial condition. 

Labor, production, manufacture and 
commerce, will regulate themselves 
best if not interfered with. 

A nation should engage in industries 
which are natural to it. 

If other nations can produce articles 
cheaper than we can, it is unwise to 
make them at home and waste the 
strength that could be more profitably 
given to other pursuits. 

Protection benefits a minority at the 
expense of the majority. 

Free trade between the several States 
of the Union has proved beneficial, and 


free trade with foreign nations would 
prove equally advantageous. 

It is claimed that it is untrue that for¬ 
eigners pay part of our taxes on account 
of protection; that high wages are due 
to natural advantages, not to protec¬ 
tion, and in any case with free 
trade, living would cost much less and 
wages would go as far as before. 

That it is unjust to tax the whole 
country to pay large profits on invested 
capital. 

A large number of people are free 
traders in the sense of favoring a tariff 
for revenue only, while others favor a 
tariff for revenue and also for the pro¬ 
tection of home industries. See “Ar¬ 
guments for Protection.” 


Woman Suffrage. At the National Equal Rights Convention 
held at Des Moines, la., Mays, 1888, Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood was 
placed in nomination for the presidency. The following are among 
the reasons given why women should be allowed the right to vote: 


That the privilege of making laws by 
which we shall be governed is an in¬ 
herent right belonging to the female as 
well as the male sex. 

That no reason exists why women 
may not as well make the laws for men 
as that men shall make laws for women. 

As women are as ready to learn and 
comprehend as men, that therefore no 
reason exists why women may not in¬ 
telligently exercise the right of suffrage. 

The exercise of the suffrage would 
cause woman to take a wider range of 
reading and thought; therefore, if given 
the right of voting on all questions of 
public policy, she would be intellec¬ 
tually improved. 

As woman’s moral perception is 
strong, so her vote would be on the side 
of right. 

Women would require, demand and 
supply, if necessary, a respectable 
place in which to vote. Much of the 
evil surroundings of the present voting 
places would therefore be abolished. 

As woman’s presence unc} influence 


among men tends to elevate and im¬ 
prove, so women’s association among 
men in the political arena would tend 
to remove much corruption at present 
existing in politics. 

Women would no more become un¬ 
fitted for motherhood and household 
duties were she allowed to express her 
opinion at the ballot box, than would 
man become a bad husband and father 
because he votes. 

The opening of full suffrage to women 
will open many vocations and pos¬ 
sibilities to her for the procuring of an 
honest support which are at present 
denied. 

To refuse a cultivated, intelligent 
woman who may be a large property 
owner the right to vote on questions 
often concerning her property and the 
welfare of her children, while ignorant 
and debased men whose vote can be 
bought with a glass of grog are allowed 
to vote her rights away, is an injustice 
so plainly evident as to admit of no 
discussion. 






ix8 


Principles of the Different Parties 


Republican Platform. The National Republican Convention con¬ 
vened at Minneapolis, Minn., June 7, 1892, and placed in nomina¬ 
tion, for a second presidential term, Benjamin Harrison. The 
resolutions adopted by the convention included the following declara¬ 
tions: 


Declared for the protection of home 
industries. 

Denounced the Democrats for en¬ 
deavoring to destroy the tariff laws. 

Advocated the policy of reciprocity 
with foreign nations. 

Demanded the use of both gold and 
silver as standard money. 

Favored allowing every citizen to vote 
free and unmolested. 

Denounced the inhuman outrages on 
American citizens for political reasons 
in certain Southern States. 

Advocated the construction of a navy. 

Favored more stringent laws for the 
restriction of criminal, pauper and con¬ 
tract importation. 

Favored legislation protecting from 
accident railroad employes and those 
engaged in mining and manufacturing. 

Sympathized with the cause of home 
rule in Ireland. 

Protested against the persecution of 
the Jews in Russia. 


Declared for liberty of speech and 
the press. 

Opposed combinations of capital 
for arbitrary control of trade. 

Approved of giving free postal de¬ 
livery service to towns and rural com¬ 
munities. 

Favored the enforcement of laws re¬ 
lating to civil service. 

Favored the construction of the Nica¬ 
ragua Canal. 

Claimed that the remaining Terri¬ 
tories should be admitted to the Union 
at the earliest possible moment, and 
that the federal office-holders appointed 
in the Territories should be selected 
from the residents thereof. 

Pledged to the veteran soldiers a 
recognition of their just claims. 

Favored Congress enacting legisla¬ 
tion aiding the World’s Columbian Ex¬ 
position, 

Sympathized with all legitimate ef¬ 
forts to lessen the evils of intemperance. 


Democratic Platform. The Democratic National Convention for 
the nomination of a presidential candidate met at Chicago, June 21, 
1892, and selected Grover Cleveland as the presidential nominee. The 
platform of principles adopted by the delegates favored and opposed 
as follows: 


Opposed federal control of elections, 
proposed by the Force Bill. 

Denounced the Republican protec¬ 
tion as a fraud, and declared that the 
Federal Government had no constitu¬ 
tional power to impose and collect tariff 
duties expept for the purpose of revenue 
only. 

Denounced the McKinley tariff law 
and promised its repeal should the 
Democratic party be successful. 

Called attention to the fact that after 
thirty years of taxes against the im¬ 
portation of foreign wealth in exchange 
for our agricultural supplies the homes 
and farms of the country were mort¬ 
gaged for over $2,500,000,000. 

Opposed trusts and combinations of 
capital designed to secure more than 
their just share of the joint produce of 
capital and labor. 

Denounced the Sherman act of 1890 
and favored the use of both gold and 
silver as the standard money of the 
country. 


Recommended the repeal of the pro¬ 
hibitory 10 per cent tax on State bank 
issues. 

Favored reform of the civil service 
and promised to enforce laws concern¬ 
ing same. 

Favored the maintenance of a navy 
strong enough for all purposes of Na¬ 
tional defense. 

Condemned the oppression practiced 
by the Russian Government on Luth¬ 
erans and Jews. 

Sympathized with the cause of home 
rule in Ireland. 

Demanded the rigid enforcement of 
the laws against Chinese immigration. 

Favored just and liberal pensions for 
all disabled Union soldiers, widows and 
dependents. 

Opposed State interference with 
parental rights in the education of 
children. 

Favored legislation protecting the 
lives and limbs of railway employes. 

Favored abolishing the sweating sys¬ 
tem and convict labor. 







People s Party and Prohibition. 119 


People’s Party Platform. The People’s Party assembled in na¬ 
tional convention at Omaha, July 14,1892, and placed in nomination 
for the presidency James B. Weaver. The principles of the party 
maybe understood from the following: 


Declared that should the government 
enter on the work of owning and man¬ 
aging any or all railroads, an amend¬ 
ment should be made to the constitu¬ 
tion by which all persons engaged in 
the government service would be placed 
under a civil service regulation of the 
most rigid character, so as to prevent 
an increase of the power of the national 
administration by the use of such ad¬ 
ditional government employees. 

Demanded a national currency, safe, 
sound and flexible, issued by the gen¬ 
eral government only, a full legal ten¬ 
der for all public and private debts, 
and that without the use of banking cor¬ 
porations, a just, equitable, and efficient 
means of distribution direct to the peo¬ 
ple, at a tax not to exceed 2 per cent per 
annum, to be provided as set forth in 
the sub-treasury plan of the Farmers’ 
Alliance, or a better system. 

Demanded free and unlimited coinage 
of silver and gold, at the ratio of 16 to 1. 

Demanded that the amount of cir¬ 


culating medium be speedily increased 
to not less than $50 per capita. 

Demanded a graduated income tax. 

Demanded that all state and na¬ 
tional revenues shall be limited to the 
necessary expenses of the government. 

Demanded that postal savings banks 
be established by the government for 
the safe deposit of the earnings of the 
people. 

Maintained that railroads, the tele¬ 
graph, the telephone, like the post- 
office system, should be owned and 
operated by the government in the in¬ 
terest of the people. 

Claimed that land being the heritage 
of the people, it should not be monopo¬ 
lized for speculative purposes, and alien 
ownership of land should be prohibited. 
All land now held by railroads and 
other corporations in excess of their 
actual needs, and all lands now owned 
by aliens, should be reclaimed by the 
government and held for actual set¬ 
tlers only. 


Prohibition Platform. The Prohibitionists met in national con¬ 
vention at Cincinnati, June 29, 1892, and placed in nomination for 
the presidency John Bidwell of California. The platform of prin¬ 


ciples declared for the following: 

Declared for the entire suppression 
of the manufacture, sale, importation, 
exportation and transportation of alco¬ 
holic liquors as a beverage. 

Maintained that citizens should be 
allowed to vote regardless of sex. 

Tariff should be levied only as a de¬ 
fense against foreign governments 
which levy tariff upon our products. 

Favored railroads, telegraphs and 
other public corporations being con¬ 
trolled by the government. 

Favored revision of and strict en¬ 
forcement of our immigration laws. 


Favored arbitration as the wisest and 
best method of settling national differ¬ 
ences. 

Favored the suppression of specula¬ 
tion in margins and formation of pools 
and trusts for the arbitrary advance¬ 
ment of prices. 

Favored granting just pensions to 
disabled veterans of the Union army 
and navy, their widows and orphans. 

Favored the American public schools 
and opposed any appropriation of pub¬ 
lic moneys for sectarian schools. 


Independent People’s Labor Platform. The convention as¬ 
sembled at Cleveland, Ohio, June 24, 1892, and approved the Re¬ 
publican ticket, as seen by the following endorsements: 


Endorsed the administration of Presi¬ 
dent Harrison. 

Endorsed the McKinley Bill. 
Endorsed protection to American 
labor. 

Condemned the act of Grover Cleve¬ 


land, while President, favoring the re¬ 
turn of the rebel battle flags. 

Condemned the act of Grover Cleve¬ 
land vetoing the dependent pension 
bill. 






120 


Nationalization of Industries 


Government Ownership. A large number of people express an 
opinion favorable to the nationalization of all those industries in 
which the people are generally interested. Included in these are 
street cars, the supply of water, heat and light in cities, the owner¬ 
ship of telephones, telegraphs, mines, railroads, and government con¬ 
trol of banks. The arguments in favor include the following: 


Railroads and Telegraphs. 

As the people are admirably served 
in the postal service by government 
ownership, so in like manner the bene¬ 
fits now going to corporations and into 
private hands would go to the people. 

Under government management the 
right of petition would always exist, 
and officials in control would be ever 
ready to arbitrate differences of opin¬ 
ion, as they would not be interested in 
reducing employees to the lowest pos¬ 
sible wage in order that the corpora¬ 
tion might pay large dividends and thus 
enhance their own salaries. Strikes 
and the consequent derangement of 
business would thus be avoided. 

Under government management the 
hours of labor would be so regulated as 
to give all an opportunity to work. In- 
steadof putting in the machine, running 
it long hours in the care of women and 
children,and discharging men into idle¬ 
ness, pauperism and anarchy, the hours 
of day labor would be shortened to a 
point such that all persons could work 
with the machine and thus earn the 
means of subsistence. 

The grinding monopoly, they assert, 
now existing under the control of 
selfishness, that manipulates the legis¬ 
lation of the country, making laws for 
the capitalist, but none for the labor¬ 
ing people, would, under government 
ownership, be impossible, because the 
large element of selfishness and disre¬ 
gard for the rights of others that now 
rules the corporations would be abol¬ 
ished. 

Again, they claim it is the duty of the 
government to protect every citizen by 
furnishing him the opportunity for em¬ 
ployment, that he may have honorable 
means of sustaining himself. 

That every person in society must 
have support either in criminal prac¬ 
tice or in legitimate labor, that it is 
cheaper and greatly better to support 
the people in honest work than in 
prisons and poorhouses; to that end the 
wisest representatives of the people, in 
their capacity as legislators, must pro¬ 
vide employment for those who are 
willing to work. 


Banks and Banking. 

As the regular and even circulation 
of money is a matter that concerns the 
people,so it is of the utmost importance 
that the strong hand of government con¬ 
trol the manufacture, loaning and dis¬ 
tribution of money. That it is the duty 
of the government to open depositories 
at all central points,wherein the people 
can safely deposit their savings and not 
be compelled to hide their money from 
fear of bank failure. Such hiding makes 
money scarce, interest high and busi¬ 
ness dull. 

That the money so deposited by the 
people in the safe government bank 
should be loaned to borrowers, upon 
absolute security,at a low rate of inter¬ 
est, whatever profit there may be in the 
banking business to go to the govern¬ 
ment. 

The advocates of government owner¬ 
ship of banks claim that the hundreds of 
millions of dollars lost to the people by 
broken banks would be saved to them; 
the hundreds of millions of dollars lost 
to the poor by derangement of busi¬ 
ness and being thrown out of work, the 
result of bank failure, would be saved; 
the Tapid accumulation of money in the 
hands of the few who, with money in 
hand, take advantage of the bank fail¬ 
ure and financial panic to buy property 
at a sacrifice, would be abolished,while 
the government bank that everybody 
trusts, that never breaks, would always 
be so full of money as to make loans pos¬ 
sible at a very low interest; so low as to 
enable farmers and others to readily 
pay their debts, and so save as to enable 
them to accumulate the means by which 
they could give money to mechanics 
and others in the building of better 
homes and introducing other improve¬ 
ments in the rural districts which would 
give employment to hundreds of thou¬ 
sands of people who are out of employ¬ 
ment. 

That the government doing its own 
banking may thus reap enormous 
revenue, which could go towards re¬ 
lieving various industries of taxation 
and would carry forward great internal 
improvements, giving employment to 
large numbers of workmen, abolishing 
the tramp and the idler. 




Primary Meetings and Political Conventions. 121 


Suggestions About Voting. 

It should be the privilege and the duty 
of all persons of mature age to ex¬ 
press their opinion at the ballot box, 
unless such persons,for certain specific 
reasons, should be disqualified. 

It is not only the duty but the imper¬ 
ative duty of every citizen to vote. All 
law and regulations in society are made 
by those persons who are in authority. 
As we are subject to the law which they 
make, it is of importance that we select 
those who will make the best law. 

The Primary Meeting. 

Two classes of meetings are generally 
essential to the clear expression of 
opinion in the selection of officers of 
the law. The first is a caucus or pri¬ 
mary meeting, in which there is a gen¬ 
eral interchange of opinion as to which 
is the best political course to pursue. 
The second is a convention in which 
candidates are selected to be voted for. 

The primary meeting is usually called 
for the purpose of selecting delegates 
to the convention. As the action taken 
in this primary meeting will largely de¬ 
termine the course which will be pur¬ 
sued at the convention, it is of vital im¬ 
portance that the voter attend the pri¬ 
mary. 

Sometimes a resolution is adopted in 
the primary meeting, requesting the 
delegates who are selected to attend 
the convention to vote for certain per¬ 
sons or measures in the convention. 
Those who are selected and accept as 
delegates to attend the convention are 
said to be “instructed” to work in ac¬ 
cord with the resolutions which may be 
adopted by the caucus. Certain persons 
who may be greatly interested in select¬ 
ing a delegation pledged to certain 
measures may have the caucus meeting 
filled with friends of such persons or 

1894—Woman-Suffrage— The 

each of the several States relating 

Colorado—In 1893 the people voted in 
favor of woman-suffrage. 

Connecticut—Women vote for school of¬ 
ficers. 

Kansas—Women vote in municipal elec¬ 
tions. 

Michigan—A law passed in 1893 authoriz¬ 
ing women to vote at municipal elections, 
but was declared unconstitutional by 
supreme court of Michigan 

New York—Women vote for school of¬ 
ficers. 

Utah—Women voted until excluded by 
the Edmunds Law. 


measures, in which case the primary is 
said to be “packed.” 

In that event other persons,who think 
differently, may call another primary 
meeting and select another set of dele¬ 
gates. It will be the duty of the com¬ 
mittee on delegates in the convention 
to determine which set of delegates to 
admit to the convention. 

The Convention. 

The convention is called to place in 
nomination certain persons for office in 
the town, city, county, State, or nation. 

The work of a political convention, 
briefly outlined, ordinarily consists of 
an examination of the credentials of 
the delegates by a committee from the 
convention, appointed for that purpose, 
followed by speeches, report of the com¬ 
mittee on delegates, nomination 
speeches, and vote of the delegates on 
candidates proposed; followed by ap¬ 
pointments of committees and selec¬ 
tion of officers to continue in force the 
political organization which the con¬ 
vention represents; adoption of resolu¬ 
tions expressing the sense of the 
meeting, etc. Sometimes, in conven¬ 
tions, delegates are selected also to be 
sent to other conventions. 

Australian Ballot. 

Full information concerning time, 
place, and conditions about elections 
can generally be obtained of the town, 
city, or county clerk. 

In many of the States the Australian 
ballot law,or a slight change of the same, 
is in force. 

This plan of voting has been intro¬ 
duced for the purpose of enabling the 
voter to express his opinion by the bal¬ 
lot without the interference of others. 
That the individual may know some of 
the specific directions we give elsewhere 
some of the directions to voters. 

following are the laws to date in 
to the political rights of women: 

Washington—Women voted until exclud¬ 
ed by a decision of the supreme court of 
Washington. 

Wyoming-Women have full suffrage and 
vote for all officers, including presidential 
electors. 

In the following States woman-suffrage 
exists chiefly in regard to taxation or the 
election of school officers; Arizona, Dela¬ 
ware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, 
Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Ne¬ 
braska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North 
Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, 
Texas, Vermont and Wisconsin. 





122 Regulations About Voting. Different States 


Time Required for Residence in Each State in Order to Vote. 


States. 

Requirement as to 
Citizenship, 

Residence In 

State. 

County. 

Voting 

Precinct. 

Alabama. 

Arkansas . 

California. 

Colorado.. 

Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Citizens or declared intention. 
Citizens or declared intention. 

Actual citizens . 

Citizens or declared intention. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual countv taxpayers. 

Citizens or declared intention 
Actual citizens. 

1 year. 

1 year. 

1 year. 

6 months.a.. 
1 year ...b .. 
1 year .. .c.t 
I year ...d.. 
1 year. 

3 months.... 
6 months.... 

90 days. 

90 days. 

6 months.... 

1 month. 

6 months.... 
6 months.... 

1 month....} 
1 month.... } 
30 days....} 

10 days.j 

6 months...j 
Residence. 4 

Residence... 

Idaho . 

Actual citizens. 

6 months.... 
1 year. 

30 days. 


Illinois . 

Actual citizens. 

90 days. 

60 days. 

60 days. 


Indiana. 

Citizens or declared intention. 
Actual citizens. 

6 months.. t 
6 months.... 
6 months.... 

1 year.f 

1 year. 

3 months.... 

1 year . 

1 year .. .e.. 

30 days.J 

Residence. 4 

30 days.} 

60 days. 

30 days. 

T.3 months} 
1 day.} 

6 months. 4 
10 days ....} 
10 days ... 4 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana. 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts.,.. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

Citizens or declared intention. 

Free white male citizens. 

Citizens or declared intention. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens. 

30 days. 

6 months.... 
6 months.... 
3 months.... 
6 months.... 

Citizens or declared intention. 
Citizens or declared intention. 
Actual citizens. 

3 month'./.. 

4 months.... 
2 years. ..g .. 

I year....A.. 

1 year . 

10 days. 

1 year ..... 

Missouri. 

Montana. 

Citizens or declared intention 
Actual citizens. 

60”days. 

3y days. 

60 days.} 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New Hampshire.. 
New Jersev. 

Citizens or declared intention. 
Citizens or declared intention. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens. 

6 months. i .. 
6 months.... 
6 months.... 

1 year. 

40 days. 

30 days. 

5 months.... 

10 days.,...} 

6 months ...\ 

■f 

New York. 

Actual citizens. 

1 year. 

4 months.... 


North Carolina.. 
North Dakota.... 
Ohio. 

Actual citizens. 

1 year. 

1 year .. j .. 

1 year . 

6 months.fc.f 

90 days. 


Citizens or declared intention. 
Actual citizens. 

6 months.... 
30 days. 

90 days.....} 

Oregon . 

Citizens or declared intention. 
Actual citizens. 



Pennsylvania. 

1 year . ,.l.. 


2 months...} 
T. 6 months} 

Rhode” Island. 

South Carolina... 

South Dakota. 

Tennessee 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens. 

2 years . 

1 year . 

6 months.... 
60 days. 

Citizens or declared intention. 
Actual citizens. 

6 months.... 
1 year.f 

30 days. 

6 months 

10 days.} 

Residence..} 
6 months..} 
3 months. } 
T. 3 months 

30 days.} 

Residence..} 
Residence..} 

60 days.... } 

Texas . 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Washington. 

West Virginia.... 
Wisconsin. 

Wyoming. 

Citizens or declared intention. 

Actual citizens . 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens.-.. 

Actual citizens. 

Citizens or declared intention. 

( Citizens of United States,) 
f male or female.{ 

1 year. 

1 year. 

1 year. 

1 year ...... 

1 year . 

1 year . 

1 year. 

6 months.... 
3 months.... 
3 months.... 

90 days. 

60 days. 

60 days. 


tNo registration required. 

tAustralian ballot law or a modification 
of it in force. 

a. Citizen or alien who has declared inten¬ 
tion 4 months previous to offering to vote. 

b Citizen of the United States who can 
read Constitution or statutes. 

c. Citizen and paying county tax after 
age of 22. 

d. Citizen of the United States or alien 
who has declared intention and paid capita¬ 
tion tax 2 years. 

e. Citizen who can read Constitution in 
English,and write. 

/. Foreign inhabitant must have declared 
intention under U. S. laws 6 months before 
election, and lived in State two and a half 
years. 

g. Citizens of the United States who can 


read or understand Constitution, after 
January 1,1892. 

h. Citizen of the United States or alien 
who has declared intention not less than 1 
year or more than five before offering to 
vote 

i. Citizen of the United States or alien 
who has declared intention 30 days prior to 
election. 

j. Citizen of the United States or alien 
who has declared intention 1 year, and 
civilized Indians. 

k. Citizen of the United States or alien 
who has declared intention 1 year preced¬ 
ing election. 

l. Citizen of the United States at least 1 
month, and if 22 years old or more, must 
have paid tax within 2 years. 


















































































































































Who Are Citizens? Australian Ballot 


123 


What Constitutes a Citizen. 


A citizen, in the meaning of suffrage 
law, is a person who has been born in 
the United States and has lived here 21 
years; or, if born in a foreign country, 
such person must have lived in the 
United States five years and have taken 
out full naturalization papers, which 
papers consist of a first paper, in which 
the person declares his “intention” to 


become a citizen, and the second paper, 
which testifies to the fact that he has 
been a good citizen and has lived here 
the requisite length of time. “Actual 
citizens,” referred to on another page, 
are those who have complied with the 
above requisitions. “Citizens of de¬ 
clared intention” are those who have 
taken out their first papers. 


Qualifications Required for Voting. 


The individual must be 21 years old and 
have remained in the State, county and 
precinct a certain length of time, in order 
to be entitled to vote. If bom in a foreign 
country, in some States, the applicant for 
suffrage must have been a resident of the 
United States for five years before he can 
vote,and must have taken out full naturali¬ 
zation papers. In other States, after com¬ 
plying with the State law, he can vote if he 
has simply taken out his first papers, in 
which he declares his intention to become a 
citizen. Declaration of intention can be 
made upon immediate arrival in the United 
States. 

In several States the Australian system 
of voting is in use. The requirements and 


conditions of the Australian ballot law are 
given herewith. Those States having the 
Australian ballot, are designated by a 
dagger (i) in table elsewhere. 

In several States the voter is denied the 
privilege of suffrage if he is a pauper, a 
convict, an Indian, a lunatic, a Chinaman, 
a duelist, a deserter, a better on elections, a 
briber, a non-taxpayer, or is unable to 
read. 

Most States require that the name of the 
voter be registered before he is allowed to 
vote. Those States in which no registra¬ 
tion is required are designated in table else¬ 
where. 


Australian Ballot. Conditions of Voting. 


Upon arrival at the voting place, if the 
challengers, who are seated beside the 
judges, are satisfied that the individual is 
entitled to vote, the voter is given, by one 
of the judges of election, one ballot, upon 
which are printed the tickets of all the 
regular candidates who are before the peo¬ 
ple to be voted for in that precinct, thus: 

FORM OF BALLOT USED BY VOTERS. 


O DEMOCRATIC. 

For Governor. 

ZZ John M. Palmer. 

For Lieut.-Gov. 

□ Andrew J. Bell. 

For Secy, of State. 
S Newell D. Ricks. 


O REPUBLICAN. 

For Governor. 

C3 Joseph W. Fifer. 

For Lieut.-Gov. 
d Lyman B. Ray. 

For Secy, of State, 
d I. N. Pearson. 


O PROHIBITION. 

For Governor, 
d David H. Hart. 

For Lieut.-Gov. 
d Jos. L. Whitlock 

For Secy, of State, 
d James R. Hanna. 

With this ballot in hand the voter will re¬ 
tire to one of the booths and there, alone 
and unassisted, he can designate on the bal¬ 
lot the names of the candidates for whom 
he wishes to vote. 

To vote a straight party ticket, he will 
mark in the circle at the left of the party 
ticket of his choice, with a lead pencil, 
which he will find in the booth, a cross 
similar to the letter X. 


To vote a split ticket, leave the circle 
blank and make a cross in the square to the 
left of your choice. Or you can write in the 
name of any candidate of your choice in 
the blank space on the ticket, making a 
cross opposite thereto. 

In voting on any proposition submitted 
to vote and printed on the ballot, make a 
cross X mark in the column opposite the 
headings “Yes” or “No,” and your ballot 
will be counted “for” if you mark opposite 
“Yes,” and “against” if you mark opposite 
“No.” 

To illustrate, in the following the voter 
may designate his vote by a cross mark 
thus: 


Proposed amendment to the yfs 
constitution giving judges 1 ^ 
a life term of office and 
making them appointive. 


observe following directions. 

Do not erase or draw a line through the 
names printed on the ballot. 

Before leaving the voting booth,fold your 
ballot so as to conceal the marks, and to ex¬ 
pose the official endorsement on the back. 
Leave the booth and hand your ballot to 
the judge in charge of the ballot box, w ho, 
without marking it in any way, must de¬ 
posit it in the box. 

You will not be allowed to occupy a vot¬ 
ing booth with another voter. You will 












124 Foreigners’ Forms of Naturalization 


not be allowed to occupy abooth more than 
five minutes if others are waiting to vote. 
You will not be allowed to remain in the in¬ 
closed space more than ten minutes, and 
you must quit it as soon as you have voted. 
You will not be allowed to re-enter the in¬ 
closed space, after you have voted, during 
the election. 

You will not be allowed to take a ballot 
from the polling place before the close of 
the election. 

You will not be allowed to vote any bal¬ 
lot except the one you receive from the 
judges. 

If you spoil a ballot in preparing it, you 
must return it and get another in place of 
it. 

If you will declare upon oath that you 
cannot read the English language, or that 
by reason of physical disability you are un- 

Facts for Foreigners to 

Is entitled to vote, though born in a 
foreign country, if father took out natural¬ 
ization papers before his children wexe 21 
yeai’s old. 

Is entitled to vote,though born on foreign 
soil, if born of American parents who were 
citizens of the United States at time of birth. 

Is entitled to vote if born in the United 
States, even if parents are aliens born out 
of the United States and have never taken 


able to mark your ballot, upon request you 
will be assisted by two of the election offi¬ 
cers, appointed for that purpose, of opposite 
political parties. These officers will mark 
your ballot as you direct. 

Intoxication will not be regarded as phys¬ 
ical disability, and if you are intoxicated 
you will receive no assistance in marking 
your ballot. 

The polls open at 6 o’clock in the morn¬ 
ing and close at 4 o’clock in the evening. 
Between these hours you are entitled to ab¬ 
sent yourself from your place of employ¬ 
ment for a period of two houi-s, for the pur¬ 
pose of voting. You will not be liable to 
any penalty for your absence, nor shall 
any deduction be made from your wages or 
salai'y on that account; but you must ask 
for leave of absence before the day of elec¬ 
tion, and your employer may specify the 
hours during which you may be absent. 

Understand about Voting. 

out naturalization papei's. 

Is entitled to vote if 21 years old on the 
day of election. 

Is entitled to vote, though an alien and 
cannot produce naturalization papers, if 
the applicant make oath that naturaliza¬ 
tion papers have been issued to him in 
due form, though he may not be able to 
name the court in which he was natural¬ 
ized. 


Naturalization Papers, as Issued by the County Court. 


According to the letter of the law, “no 
alien shall be admitted to become a citizen 
who has not. for the continued term of five 
years next preceding his admission, re- 
sided within the United States.” 

Any alien over eighteen years of age at 
the time of his arrival in the United States, 
who applies for admission as a citizen, 
must appear twice befoi’e a cix’cuit or dis¬ 
trict court, or other suitable court of rec- 
oi’d, first, to declare his intention to be¬ 
come a citizen, and again, at least two 
years afterward, to take his oath of al¬ 
legiance and receive his final naturaliza¬ 
tion papei\ 

He may declare his intention, and receive 
his first document, at any time after his ar- 
l ival in the United States, and in this fii-st 
step his own testimony will be considered 
sufficient. But when he applies for his sec¬ 
ond paper he must be accompanied by a 
witness, who shall declaie on oath, and 


pi'ove, to the satisfaction of the court, that 
the applicant has x’esided in the United 
States at least five years, and in the State 
where said court is at the time held, at least 
one year. 

Any alien who, at the time of his arrival 
in the United States, had not passed his 
eighteenth birthday, will not be required 
to pi’esent two applications and procure 
two documents before being naturalized. 
As soon as he has reached the age of 21 
years, and has lesided five years in the 
United States, he may appear before the 
court and be admitted as a citizen, without 
having made any previous declaration of 
intentions. At the time of his admission, 
however, he must be accompanied by a wit¬ 
ness, and must then, besides taking the 
oath of allegiance, “declare on oath that 
for two years next pi’eceding, it has been 
bona fide his intention to become a citizen 
of the United States.” 


Form of First Paper in Being Naturalized. 


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 


State of. 

.County. 


ss. 


I 


do solemnly declare on oath, before. 

.. Clerk of the County Court of. 

.... County, in the State of.. that 

it is bona fide my intention to become a 
citizen of the United States, and to re¬ 
nounce forever all allegiance which I may 
in anywise owe to any foreign prince, 
potentate, state or sovereignty whatever, 
and particularly the allegiance which I may 

in anywise owe to the.. 

.whereof I was 

heretofore a citizen or subject. 


Subscribed aud sworn to before me this 
.day of.A. D. 189. 

.cierkV 

State of. ) 

.County. ) ss - 


I,.,Clerk of the County 

Court of.County, in the State afoi’e- 


said, do hereby certify the above and fore¬ 
going to be a true, perfect and complete 
copy of an original Declaration of Inten¬ 
tion nowon file in my office. 

Witness,., Clerk of said Court 

and tbe seal thereof, at.in 

said County, this.day of 

A. D. 189. 


Clerk. 



























Cause of Financial Panic, 1893 


125 


Final Certificate or Last 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

State Of.) 

County of.S 83 * 

Be it Remembered, That on the.. 

day of.,in the year of our Lord 

one thousand eight hundred and ninety 

.,in the Circuit Court of. 

County, in the State of.(the 

same being a Court of Record, having a 

Clerk and Seal), and of the. 

term thereof, for the year aforesaid. 

.an alien, came into 

Court and applied to be admitted as a 
Naturalized Citizen of the United States, 
and it having appeared to the satisfaction 
of the Court that the said applicant has re¬ 
sided within the limits and under the juris¬ 
diction of the United States for and during 
the full term of five years last passed, and 
one year and upward immediately preced¬ 
ing the date hereof, in the State of. 

and that during said term of five years he 
has sustained a good moral character, and 
appeared to be attached to the principles 
contained in the Constitution of the 
United States, and well disposed to the 
good order, wellbeing and happiness of 
the same; and two years and upward 
having elapsed since the said applicant 
filed the declaration of his intention to be 
come a citizen of the United States, accord¬ 
ing to the provisions of the several acts of 


Paper in Naturalization. 

Congress heretofore passed on that subject; 
and he having now here, in open Court, 
taken and subscribed the oath required by 
those laws to support the Constitution of 
the United States, and to renounce and ab¬ 
jure all allegiance and fidelity to every 
foreign prince, potentate, state or sover¬ 
eignty whatever, and more particularly all 
allegiance which he may in anywise owe to 

.of whom 

he was heretofore a subject. 

It was Therefore Ordered and Adjudged 

by the Court, that the said. 

.be and he was thereby admitted 

to all and singular the rights, privileges 
and immunities of a Naturalized Citizen of 
the United States, and that it be certified 
to him accordingly, which is done by these 
presents. 

Witness...... ..Clerk of said 

Circuit Court of.County, and 

the Seal thereof, at.. in said 

.County,this.day of. 

. . ...A. D. 189. 


Clerk. 

Fee for naturalization, 50 cents for each 
document. 

Children who were under twenty-one 
years of age at the time of the naturaliza¬ 
tion of their parents, are, if living in the 
United States, considered as citizen* 
thereof. 


Number of Electoral Votes to which Each State is Entitled 
in Voting for Presidential Candidate. 


Ala . ...11 

Del . 3 

Ind. T. — 

Mass . 

. 15 

Nev.. . 


Ohio . 

.23 

Tenn. .12 

Wis... 

. . 12 

Alaska.— 

D.C...- 

la.13 

Mich. 

. 14 

N. H.. 

. .4 

Oka... 

.- 

Tex. ...15 

Wyo.. 



Fla 4 

Kans. . 10 

Minn. 

...9 

N. J... 

.10 

Ore. .. 

..4 

U tah ..— 




(in ..3 

Ky ... 13 

Miss. 

.. 9 

N. M.. 


Penn. 

.32 

Vt . 4 


Pol ft 


La . 8 

Mo .. 

.17 

N. Y. . 

.36 

R. I. . 

.4 

Vir. ... 12 


4 

Til. 24 

Me . 6 

Mont. 

...3 

N. C.. 

.11 

s. c... 

..9 

Wash. . 4 


Conn. ...6 

Ind. ...15 

Md . 8 

Neb.. 

.. 8 

N. D.. 

..3 

S. D.. 

..4 

W. Va. . 6 

Total. 

...424 


Cause of the Financial Panic, 1893. 


In 1890 the Argentine Republic of 
South America desired to borrow $300, 
000,000. They arranged with the Bar¬ 
ings, bankers of London, to sell the 
bonds on which this money was to be 
borrowed. The Barings had com¬ 
menced their sale very successfully, 
when investigation of the financial con¬ 
dition of the country revealed the fact 
that the Argentine had only a popula¬ 
tion of less than four millions,of whom 
three-fourths were Italians; that they 
had an annual revenue of $73,000,000 
and a yearly expenditure of $92,000,000 
in 1890, with a national debt then exist¬ 
ing of $475,000,000. Under those cir¬ 
cumstances it seemed clearly evident 
that the Argentine could not readily 
pay the extra $300,000,000 which the 


Barings were attempting to borrow for 
them. The consequence was that 
Argentine bonds depreciated in value, 
causing great loss and financial embar¬ 
rassment to the Barings and English 
capitalists who had invested in these 
bonds. 

Financial Panic In Australia. 

The monetary distress which the 
shrinkage in value of these bonds caused 
in England, spread over to Australia in 
the succeeding year and produced a 
financial panic in that country. From 
Australia it came back to England,with 
such severity as to compel many En¬ 
glish capitalists to sell United States 
government bonds, railroad stock, and 
other securities which they held against 



























































126 Coxeyites. The Pullman Strike 


the United States. When they sold 
these securities they demanded gold in 
exchange, which compelled a large out¬ 
flow of gold from the United States, in 
the latter part of 1892, to take up these 
securities. 

Sherman Law. 

The Sherman law, which made it im¬ 
perative that the United States govern¬ 
ment purchase 5,000,000 ounces of sil¬ 
ver per month, was at that time in force. 
The banking fraternity of the country 
detested the Sherman law. It was fill¬ 
ing the country, they claimed, with an 
unnecessary amount of silver, and they 
issued a circular from the Bankers’ 
National Association in New York, urg¬ 
ing all bankers to use their influence 
with congressmen and newspapers 
throughout the country to have the 
Sherman law repealed, a pretext being 
that the outflow of gold at that time was 
because of the Sherman law being in 
force; the argument being that the 
rapid inflow of silver was driving the 
gold out of the country. 

Newspapers Start a Panic. 

The newspapers began their assault 
on silver in the early part of 1893, and 
said so much about the depreciated 
silver dollars, while extolling gold, as 
to cause many to begin hoarding gold, 
and at the same time they became 
anxious. 

Finally, because of continued news¬ 
paper comment on the subject of silver, 
the people became fearful about their 
deposits in the banks. They knew they 
had no security and they knew that the 
people had lost hundreds of millions of 
dollars in the past by broken banks 

Faetorle* Shut Down. 

They began a run on the banks and 
the banks commenced falling down, the 
result being 714 bank failures in the 
United States in the first eight months 
of 1893. Over $400,000,000 were with¬ 
drawn from banks and hidden in sixty 
days. Of the banks that closed, 72 
national banks failed in July, and 31 
failed in the first week of J uly. Bankers 
refused to advance any more money to 
their customers. The result was, being 
dependent upon the banks for money 
and unable to continue business, when 
the banks could no longer supply them, 
800 manufacturing institutions closed 
down and 467,000 workmen went into 
idleness. 


Workmen In Idleness. 

The people thus discharged were un¬ 
able to buy and consume, workmen con¬ 
tinued to be discharged because people 
could not buy that which had been pro¬ 
duced, and hundreds of thousands— 
millions, it is claimed—went into idle¬ 
ness. The people who were discharged 
sought opportunity to work at any wage 
they could get, and thus, through com¬ 
petition in the struggle to get work, 
wages declined, while many could not 
obtain any employment, 

Coxeyites, 

Times were getting worse and worse, 
when Jacob S. Coxey, a resident of 
Massillon, O.,announced in November, 
1893, that he intended to lead an army 
of 100,000 of the unemployed people to 
Washington, to petition Congress for 
the issuance of $500,000,000, in non¬ 
interest bonds, to be used for the im¬ 
provement of roads. Coxey left Mas¬ 
sillon on Sunday, March 25, 1894, at the 
head of 122 people, and reached Wash¬ 
ington May 1. In the attempt to make 
a speech from the capitol steps, he was 
accused of stepping on the grass and 
was imprisoned, with Carl Browne, for 
twenty days. The starting of several 
commonweal companies, denominated 
“armies,” for Washington in the early 
part of 1894, demonstrated how wide¬ 
spread was the condition of idleness,but 
other and greater excitement coming on 
caused these Coxey contingents to be 
forgotten. 

The Coal Strike. 

With the shutting down of manufac¬ 
tories and the discharge of workmen, 
opportunity for employment fell off and 
wages went lower, until unable, they 
claimed, to endure their condition 
longer, 150,000 coal miners in the differ¬ 
ent States of the Union struck, April 
21, 1894, for better wages. They were 
out about two months and resumed 
work June 11, at somewhat better prices 
for their services. 

The Pullman Strike. 

The workmen at Pullman, Ill., en¬ 
gaged in the making of Pullman cars, 
claimed that they were unable to live 
on the wages they received, and laid 
their complaints before Mr. Pullman, 
the president of the company. He re¬ 
plied by saying that his company was 
losing money, and proposed to show 
the books of the company to prove it. 
On May 11, a short time afterwards, the 





American Railway Union and Boycott. 127 


employees,to the number of about three 
thousand, struck for better wages, and 
the works closed. 

The American Railway Union. 

After several weeks of Idleness and 
destitution, the American Railway 
Union took up the cause of the Pull¬ 
man employees and endeavored to se¬ 
cure arbitration in behalf of the work¬ 
men with the Pullman Company. The 
reply of the company was that there 
was nothing to arbitrate. They had 
been losing money; they had told the 
workmen if they insisted on striking for 
higher pay, the company would shut 
down; they had done so; their business 
was closed. 

Boycott of Pullman Car*. 

After vain attempts to get any other 
reply from Mr. Pullman, the American 
Railway Union announced that at a 
certain time the members of that or¬ 
ganization would refuse to haul Pull¬ 
man cars. Thereupon the railroad 
managers announced their purpose to 
stand by Mr. Pullman, that his difficulty 
with his employees was no affair of 
theirs; that they proposed to run their 
own business, and accommodate the 
traveling public if they could. 

Boycott Begins June 26. 

The boycott began June 26, 1894, and 
extended from Chicago a short distance 
eastward, northward to Canada, west¬ 
ward to the Pacific Ocean, and south¬ 
ward to the Gulf of Mexico. Scenes of 
disorder and riot immediately became 
common. Railroad employees on sev¬ 
eral roads refused to haul Pullman cars 
and temporarily quit the employ of the 
company rather than work for the com¬ 
pany that did haul them. The attempt 
to fill the strikers’ places was so vigor¬ 
ously resisted by the workmen out of 
employment as to necessitate the call¬ 
ing out of the State militia and the 
Federal troops at several points in the 
United States. 

The running of trains became irregu¬ 
lar; freight trains largely ceased com¬ 
ing into Chicago, and business in the 
West was paralyzed. 

Several efforts were made to have the 
difficulties arbitrated between Mr. Pull¬ 
man and his employees, but without 


avail, Mr. Pullman claiming that in his 
case there was nothing to arbitrate. 

On July 12, 1894, various representa¬ 
tives of general labor organizations as¬ 
sembled in Chicago to consider the 
matter of a general strike in all the 
federated trades and organizations 
throughout the United States. On July 
13, the President of the United States 
agreed to appoint a commissioner to in¬ 
vestigate the merits of the railroad 
strikes and compel a settlement of the 
difficulties through arbitration. The 
majority of the leaders of the labor or¬ 
ganizations, claiming that this was all 
they wanted at any time, thereupon de¬ 
clared the strike at an end, though 
others refused to declare the strike off. 

Remedies Proposed. 

These disturbed conditions have their 
advantages in that they draw attention 
to the evils existing in the industrial 
world. They make people think. Al¬ 
ready many plans are proposed whereby 
capital shall get due reward for its en¬ 
terprise, and the laborer shall always 
have employment at fair compensation. 
Prominent among these, the eight-hour 
advocate claims that such shortening of 
the hours, in the mechanical industries, 
should be made as will give all an op¬ 
portunity to work. The Nationalist in¬ 
sists that we nationalize the banks, mak¬ 
ing them so safe that everybody can and 
will use them; thus putting all money 
into circulation, and through great 
abundance of the circulating medium 
make interest cheap and thus start 
every description of enterprise into 
activity, and give employment to every 
idler. The Nationalist adds further that 
the fact is all the more clearly evident 
in these disturbed conditions, that the 
telephone service, the telegraph and the 
railroads of the country, should come 
immediately under government control. 
The single-tax disciple claims that the 
placing of all tax on land will break 
up land monopoly, will result in the 
large land owner being willing and 
anxious to sell the most of his real es¬ 
tate,which will enable every family, at 
a reasonable price, to possess a home. 
The argument in behalf of these various 
claims, the reader will find in the plat¬ 
forms of parties and the outline of 
principles given elsewhere in this 
book. 


THE END, 






Salesmen Wanted for Thomas E. Hill’s Books 

Standard and Rapid Selling. 


Agents and Publishers who would do a good work for them¬ 
selves and their patrons, should write us for wholesale terms on 
Political Facts. We supply an excellent descriptive circular, free of 
charge, to all persons who sell it. The circular, distributed ahead, 
gives a full description of the book, will prepare the people for buy¬ 
ing it as soon as the agent arrives. The book, however, is the best 
agent, every sale making a dozen other sales among those who see it 
and desire to possess it as a work of reference. Turning a dozen 
pages in the book will convince any person that they ought to own it, 
if they would be informed on the political affairs of the day. 

As is well known, the books prepared by Thomas E. Hill are all 
of the highest class. They are all educational in character, belong to 
the order known as standard reference, are all fine specimens of the 
typographic art and all have large and continuous sale. The fol¬ 
lowing are among his books which have large sale: 


Ways of Cruelty. A small'pamphlet of 
the size to go into an envelope. Contains 
thirty original illustrations, showing ways 
by which some animals and children are 
tortured and ill-treated. Has large sale 
among humane societies. Price, 10 cents. 
Per hundred, #5. 

Right and "Wrong Contrasted. A 
highly important book for young people, 
illustrated by thirty-seven engravings, 
showing at a glance the right and wrong in 
social and business life. Each picture is 
an object lesson. A superior book for Sun¬ 
day schools and parents who desire their 
children to have moral instruction. Price: 
paper cover, 25 cents; leather, $1. 

Hill’s Guide to Chicago. A most ex¬ 
haustive guide; gives every street; a map 
showing every street and yet no folding 
map. Contains a vast fund of information 
about the city and its suburbs. An indis¬ 
pensable work to every one who would visit 
and know Chicago. Paper, 25 cents: cloth, 
75 cents; leather, $1.00. 

Money Found. Outlines a plan by which 
the government may own and operate the 
banks. Contains also a glossary of finan¬ 
cial terms, by which the reader is made 
familiar with the subject of finance. Has 
passed through several large editions, and 
is the clearest exposition of the financial 


question published. Public speakers pay 
expenses with it. Price: paper, 25 cents; 
cloth, 75 cents; leather, $1.00. 

Political Facts. A carefully condensed 
summary of all the leading political events 
in the history of the United States, chrono¬ 
logically arranged. Gives the rise and fall 
of parties, as shown in each presidential ad 
ministration; outlines the principles of the 
different political parties; requirements in 
voting, etc. Paper,£5 cents; cloth, 75cents; 
Leather, $1.00. 

Hill’s Album of Biography. Con¬ 
tains classified biographical sketches of 
hundreds of distinguished people in theolog¬ 
ical, military, adventurous, financial, in¬ 
ventive, philosophical, literary and artistic 
life. Has passed through many large edi¬ 
tions. Contains over 1,400 illustrations. 
Cloth, $5; leather, $7. 

Hill’s Manual of Social and Business 
Forms. A large and exhaustive work on 
forms. Covers the range of a very com¬ 
plete education, from childhood to old age. 
Beautiful in typographic execution, profuse 
in illustrations, a complete home and self¬ 
educator,for the individual and the family. 
Has passed through fifty-five editions. Its 
sale has reached 375,000 copies. Price, 
cloth, $6; half leather, $7; full Russia 
morocco, #8.50. 


Several of these books are admirable works for agents to sell, and 
some of them have yielded the agents comfortable fortunes. 

These books are revised and kept to date by the author, and are 
undergoing frequent enlargement. 

Territory assigned. Write for terms to agents. Address: 

Hill Standard Book Company, 

175 Monroe Street, Chicago, 111 . 




























































































































































































